Sex and Drugs Sex Offending Types of Sex

Sex and Drugs

Sex Offending • Types of Sex Offender? – Not homogenous group • Why this matters – Causes of offending – Effectiveness of interventions

Sex Offender Assessment • Standard Corrections Assessments – Risk/Need – Limitations? • Sex-offender specific – Phallemetric • Marshall less structured interview (PCL)

Theories of Sex Offending • Is a general theory desirable/possible? – Rape – Child Molestation – Exposing/peeping, etc. • General Risk factors – Objectification/sexualization of women/children – Lack of prosocial role models – Lack of interpersonal skills

Empirically, what is known? • Social Skill deficits • Criminal thinking errors • Depression/anxiety (? )

Interventions • • • Pre-1960 s = psychodynamic 1960 s-1970 s = radical behavioral 1980 s = extend to social skills 1980 s/90 s = cognitive behavioral 1990 s-now = add relapse prevention

Meta-analysis of sex offending treatment • Overall mean effect of. 14 • Radical behavioral only = -. 14 • Cognitive behavioral and hormonal were best bets . 20 and beyond – Treatment effect larger with longer follow ups – Sex offenders may be at risk for 20+ years

Treating Substance Abuse in Offender Populations

Theory • Why is “theory” important? • Theory and Substance Abuse – Social learning theory – Biology/genetics – Low self-control – General Strain Theory – Self-esteem/other issues? • Is Substance Abuse a “Disease” or a “Behavioral Problem”

Assessment • How is “abuse” or “use” assessed in a correctional environment? – Dependence (physiological, psychological) – Abuse (extent to which it creates problems) • LSI – Law violations, marital/family problems, school/work, medical problems, other • Why is assessment important? • How are assessment scores used?

Models for Rx • Psychodynamic • Radical Behavioral – Aversion (Covert Sensitization) – Operant conditioning (tokens, contracting, etc. ) • Cognitive Behavioral – Cognitive restructuring – Cognitive skills • Therapeutic Communities • Family Therapies (“Intervention”)

Relapse Prevention • Another “skill” acquired via social learning – Identify all of the problems substance use causes – Identify high risk situations – Identify coping strategies for each situation • Succeeding in high risk situations builds self-efficacy • Be careful of “Abstinence Violation Effect” – Lapse snowballs into total loss

Self-Help/Support Groups • AA/NA, etc. – History – The “ 12 step model” • Spiritual, physical, mental disease • Admit a problem and acknowledge all the areas in your life you have affected, make amends, help others with disease… – Turn life over to “god” or similar being… – What does research tell us about these groups? – AA and the PEI • Points of agreement • Points of disagreement

Pharmalogical Approaches • Harm reduction models – Like the Green Bay Packers’ offense, “You cannot stop it, you can only hope to contain it. ” • Benefits of controlled use? – Methadone • Newest use is for methamphetamine users – Other examples • Needle exchanges • “Safe use” educational programs

Responsivity Issues • General responsivity • Specific responsivity – Race – Gender – “Readiness” • Stage of change idea • Unique causes/consequences of problems – Use for…. enjoyment, stress relief, – Problems = marital, employment…

Effectiveness • What counts as failure (recidivism)? • Meta-analysis results – Most successful were… • Cognitive/behavioral (skills, contracting, relapse prevention…) – Least successful were • EDUCATIONAL APPROACHS LIKE D. A. R. E. – Dare to say no to D. A. R. E.