Reconstruction Presidential Reconstruction 1865 66 Johnson sought to

Reconstruction

�Presidential Reconstruction: 1865 -66, Johnson sought to return states to prewar status with only slavery abolished �Congressional Reconstruction: Radical reconstruction, Congress challenged Johnson in 1867 & continued through Grants two terms in 1877 �Redemption: (by its defenders) began 1876 with Hayes election, ended involvement with S. affairs

Lasting Impact of Civil War • Harsh realities of modern war • South land & economy in shambles • Full emancipation • 11 th Amendment: States’ sovereign immunity • 12 th Amendment: Procedure for electing President & Vice President • 13 th Amendment: Abolishes slavery Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Plans for Reconstruction Clash • Reconstruction: 1865 -1877 • Rebuilding of the United States How do you reunite the Union? - What should be the political fate of the Confederate States? How do you rebuilt the S. Economy? -S. Share of nation’s wealth went form 30% to 12% How do you extend citizenship to African Americans? - 13 th freed slaves but didn’t give them full citizenship

Freedmen’s Bureau � Provided social, educational, and economic services as well as advice and protection to former slaves.

Black Codes in the South • Laws that sought to limit the rights of African Americans & keep them as landless workers • Limited occupations available • Some states prohibited form owning land • Vagrancy laws • Unemployed prison labor • Used violence & intimidation to enforce

Reconstruction Which plan was • Radical Republicans easiest former • Lead by Thaddeus Stevens & Charles Summer. Confederate states? • South committed crimes, had to pay Which was harshest? • Congress passed Wade-Davis Bill • 1864, majority of states’ voters had to swear loyalty, guaranteed African American citizenship… Lincoln vetoed

April 14, 1865

Andrew Johnson • Like Lincoln, wanted to restore S. political status asap • No interest in former slaves rights • Pardons & land to confederates who swore allegiance • Each state ratify 13 th • Resented wealthy planters • …had to write him a letter

Republican congress at odds with Johnson.

Civil Rights Act of 1866 • Congress’ attempt to overturn the Black Codes. • Created federal guarantees of civil rights • … Johnson vetoed • Johnson was defying Congress Freedmen’s Bureau - Johnson vetoes 1867, Civil Rights Bill - Johnson vetoes 14 th Amendment - Johnson opposes Congress Johnson vetoes 28 bills, 15 overridden impeaches him • Lost by 1 vote, Johnson promised to enforce Reconstruction Acts & did

• 1868, Republican former Union general Ulysses S. Grant elected President • His opponent won majority of the white vote • 14 th amendment: Guaranteed equality under the law for all citizens • 15 th amendment: Forbade any state from denying suffrage on the grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Congressional Reconstruction • 1870, all former Confederate states met requirements under Radical Reconstruction & rejoined the Union • Republicans dominated new state governments • About 1500 African American men took roles in Southern state and local governments • Millions were now voters • Loyalty oath many white southerners couldn’t vote

Sharecropping � Independent labor � Incentive � Corruption entrepreneurs got share of crop for

Scalawags & Carpetbaggers • Republicans attracted African American southerners & those who sought change Scalawags • White Southerners who had been locked out of pre-Civil War politics by their wealthier neighbors, cooperated w/ freedmen & Northerners Carpetbaggers • Northerners who came to the South to improve their economic or political situations, or to help freedmen

Women & Reconstruction • Republicans did…not support women’s suffrage • Women found opportunities in medical facilities, orphanages & shaping the public school system Right to vote?

• • Public Schools Public schools grew slowly End of 1870 s, only about half of southern kids $$$ Southerners opted for segregation • Separation of the races • Radical republicans wanted integration • Combining the schools • Tax supported public schools was major Reconstruction success

Election of 1876 � Tilden won popular vote � Corruption with electoral vote �Compromise of 1877 � Federal troops removed from South � Officially ended Reconstruction � Lead to Redemption � Segregated South

Black Codes

Jim Crow Laws � Local laws enforcing racial segregation � Minstrel shows

• • • Economic Changes competition in South spark Violence Resentment The more progress African Americans made the more hostile white southerners became • Ku Klux Klan • Formed in Tennessee, 1866 • Burned homes, schools, churches • Beat, maimed, killed African Americans & their white allies • Aimed to scare freed people from voting • Focused on symbols of freedom (teachers, ministers, politicians, etc. ) … unfortunately succeeded

Federal Response • Racial violence grew in N & S • Congress passed Enforcement Acts • aka Ku Klux Klan Acts • 1870 & 1871 • Federal offence to interfere with citizen’s rights to vote • 1872, Klan violence decreased because of federal use of legal action • …Hatred would flare up in the coming decades