Reconstruction 1865 1877 Presidential Reconstruction Lincoln wanted to

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Reconstruction 1865 -1877

Reconstruction 1865 -1877

Presidential Reconstruction ¡ ¡ Lincoln wanted to reunite the country without punishing the South

Presidential Reconstruction ¡ ¡ Lincoln wanted to reunite the country without punishing the South He pardoned (forgave) Southerners who: l l took an oath of loyalty to the U. S. accepted the end of slavery

Radical Republican Reconstruction ¡ ¡ Led by Thaddeus Stevens Did not want to reunite

Radical Republican Reconstruction ¡ ¡ Led by Thaddeus Stevens Did not want to reunite with the South (angered by Lincoln’s moderate plan) 3 Goals: l Prevent Confederate leaders from regaining power l Establish strong Republican Party in the South l Guarantee African Americans the right to vote Feared Southerners would gain too much power in the House of Representatives

The Wade-Davis Bill ¡ ¡ Proposed by the Radical Republicans as a response to

The Wade-Davis Bill ¡ ¡ Proposed by the Radical Republicans as a response to Lincoln’s ten percent plan – July 1864 A Reconstruction plan that required: l l l ¡ The majority of adult white men in the Confederate States to take an oath of allegiance to the U. S. Confederate states to abolish slavery Confederate generals and military officers to give up their right to vote or hold public office It was vetoed by Lincoln.

Andrew Johnson ¡ ¡ Took office after Lincoln’s assassination Focused on allowing states to

Andrew Johnson ¡ ¡ Took office after Lincoln’s assassination Focused on allowing states to restore their infrastructures & governments l l Pardoned (forgave) all Southerners EXCEPT: ¡ Former Confederate officials ¡ Wealthy planters All states had to ratify the 13 th Amendment All states had to withdraw their secession Everyone had to swear allegiance to the Union

Freedman’s Bureau ¡ ¡ Created to help recently freed slaves (freedmen) Task: l l

Freedman’s Bureau ¡ ¡ Created to help recently freed slaves (freedmen) Task: l l Feed and Cloth war refugees (access to essential goods) Help freedmen find work Prevent the South from starving to death Educate slaves, establish schools

African American Communities By 1872, the Freedman’s Bureau had set up around 1, 000

African American Communities By 1872, the Freedman’s Bureau had set up around 1, 000 schools ¡ Freedmen had a deep desire to learn African American academies offering advanced education ¡ This grew into the establishment of many African American colleges (Ex. - Fisk University, Morehouse College, Atlanta University l

Reconstruction Act of 1867 ¡ ¡ Did not recognize state governments formed under Lincoln

Reconstruction Act of 1867 ¡ ¡ Did not recognize state governments formed under Lincoln or Johnson’s plans Divided the South into 5 military districts, placing each one under the control of a military officer Had to allow African Americans the right to vote (ratify 15 th Amendment) Vetoed by President Johnson— Congress then overrode the veto.

Impeachment ¡ ¡ Impeach: to charge a government official with “high crimes and misdemeanors”

Impeachment ¡ ¡ Impeach: to charge a government official with “high crimes and misdemeanors” in office In 1868, President Johnson was charged with improperly removing officials from office, a violation of the Tenure of Office Act l l ¡ Also…was not supportive of Radical Republicans Had conflict with Congress over harsh measures Congress imposed on the South Was one vote short of being removed from office

Constitutional Reconstruction ¡ 13 th Amendment (1865): l ¡ 14 th Amendment (1866): l

Constitutional Reconstruction ¡ 13 th Amendment (1865): l ¡ 14 th Amendment (1866): l l ¡ Banned slavery in the United States Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U. S. Declared no states could deny any person the right to “life, liberty, or property” 15 th Amendment (1870): l Gave African Americans the right to vote

Carpetbaggers & Scalawags: White Southerners who joined the Republican party (in favor of Reconstruction)

Carpetbaggers & Scalawags: White Southerners who joined the Republican party (in favor of Reconstruction) ¡ Carpetbaggers: Northerners who moved to the South after the war ¡

Giving former slaves a chance… ¡ “ 40 acres and a mule” l l

Giving former slaves a chance… ¡ “ 40 acres and a mule” l l ¡ Promised to freed slaves as a way to give back & get them on their feet Never really enacted – poor land, no clear policy stated Sharecropping & Tenant Farming l l Sharecropping: landowners divided their land & gave each worker a few acres with seed & tools – at harvest time, each worker gave about 50% of the crop to pay the owner back Tenant Farming: Croppers would rent land for cash & keep all their harvest (better economically for workers)

Resistance to Racial Equality ¡ Black Codes l l ¡ Ku Klux Klan l

Resistance to Racial Equality ¡ Black Codes l l ¡ Ku Klux Klan l ¡ Laws that severely limited African Americans’ rights in the South Wanted to maintain a condition similar to slavery Goals: drive out Union troops, regain Democratic control of the South, & terrorize African Americans Enforcement Acts: passed to combat violence in the South, especially that of the KKK, protected voting rights of African Americans

1876 Presidential Election Samuel J. Tilden (NY) Democrat Rutherford B. Hayes (OH) Republican Peter

1876 Presidential Election Samuel J. Tilden (NY) Democrat Rutherford B. Hayes (OH) Republican Peter Cooper (NY) Greenback

Election Controversy ¡ ¡ Tilden won the popular vote, but was one vote shy

Election Controversy ¡ ¡ Tilden won the popular vote, but was one vote shy of the electoral votes needed to win – 20 electoral votes disputed. Congress appointed a commission to find a solution the commission had a Republican majority, thus they gave the election to Hayes (even though he didn’t win the popular vote)

Election of 1876 Candidates Party Electoral Vote Popular Vote Rutherford B. Hayes (OH) William

Election of 1876 Candidates Party Electoral Vote Popular Vote Rutherford B. Hayes (OH) William A. Wheeler (NY) Republican 185 4, 034, 311 Samuel J. Tilden (NY) Thomas A. Hendricks (IN) Democratic 184 4, 288, 546 Greenback 0 75, 973 Peter Cooper (NY) Samuel F. Cary (OH)

Compromise of 1877 Rutherford B. Hayes was inaugurated as President ¡ Federal troops withdrawn

Compromise of 1877 Rutherford B. Hayes was inaugurated as President ¡ Federal troops withdrawn from the South ¡ Signaled the end of Reconstruction ¡

Practice Questions ¡ Why did the House of Representatives vote to impeach President Johnson?

Practice Questions ¡ Why did the House of Representatives vote to impeach President Johnson? l l A. Johnson was not supportive of Radical Republicans B. Johnson refused to provide funds to set up military districts C. Congress preferred a stronger candidate for president D. The people had voted to remove Johnson as president

Practice Questions ¡ The purpose of the Thirteenth Amendment was l l A. to

Practice Questions ¡ The purpose of the Thirteenth Amendment was l l A. to institute a draft B. To raise war funds C. To abolish slavery D. To determine citizenship

Practice Questions ¡ What was the effect of the black codes? l l A.

Practice Questions ¡ What was the effect of the black codes? l l A. They created a new form of slavery after the Civil War B. They allowed for the emancipation of southern slaves C. They established a way for freed slaves to own land D. They eliminated one cause of sectionalism

Practice Questions ¡ What does the 14 th Amendment grant? l l A. Voting

Practice Questions ¡ What does the 14 th Amendment grant? l l A. Voting rights to all citizens B. The right of land ownership C. Citizenship to all individuals born in the US D. The right to reclaim slaves who have entered a free state