Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Chapter

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Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Chapter 13 Robert S. Feldman Copyright ©

Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood Chapter 13 Robert S. Feldman Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY ADULTHOOD

PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY ADULTHOOD

Looking Ahead How does the body develop during early adulthood, and to what risks

Looking Ahead How does the body develop during early adulthood, and to what risks are young adults exposed? What are the effects of stress, and what can be done about it? Does cognitive development continue in young adulthood? How is intelligence defined today, and what causes cognitive growth in young adults?

Looking Ahead Who attends college today, and how is the college population changing? What

Looking Ahead Who attends college today, and how is the college population changing? What do students learn in college, and what difficulties do they face?

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

Physical Development and the Senses Physical development and maturation complete Peak of physical capabilities

Physical Development and the Senses Physical development and maturation complete Peak of physical capabilities Brain wave patterns show more mature patterns Senses are peak Most professional athletes at peak during early adulthood

Motor Functioning, Fitness, and Health: Staying Well

Motor Functioning, Fitness, and Health: Staying Well

Physical Fitness Superior physical capabilities require exercise and diet No more than 10% Americans

Physical Fitness Superior physical capabilities require exercise and diet No more than 10% Americans exercise enough to keep themselves in good physical shape Less than 20% participate in moderate exercise on regular basis

Benefits of Exercise How many can you list in five minutes?

Benefits of Exercise How many can you list in five minutes?

One of the Best Pay-Offs: Longevity Greater fitness level = lower the death rate

One of the Best Pay-Offs: Longevity Greater fitness level = lower the death rate

Health Leading causes of death among young adults (ages 25 -34) are: Accidents AIDS

Health Leading causes of death among young adults (ages 25 -34) are: Accidents AIDS Cancer Heart disease Suicide Murder Gender and SES differences

Secondary Aging Lifestyle decisions, including the use—or abuse—of alcohol, tobacco, or drugs or engaging

Secondary Aging Lifestyle decisions, including the use—or abuse—of alcohol, tobacco, or drugs or engaging in unprotected sex, can hasten secondary aging This can also increase a young adult’s risk of dying

Violence and Death: Tracking Murder

Violence and Death: Tracking Murder

Developmental Diversity Influence of Cultural Beliefs Cultural health beliefs, along with demographic and psychological

Developmental Diversity Influence of Cultural Beliefs Cultural health beliefs, along with demographic and psychological barriers, reduce people’s use of physicians and medical care Latinos are the least likely of any Western ethnic group to seek the help of physical Lower socioeconomic status reduces ability to pay for traditional medical care

Eating, Nutrition, and Obesity Most young adults know which foods are healthy, but ignore

Eating, Nutrition, and Obesity Most young adults know which foods are healthy, but ignore good nutrition Physical growth begins to decline Calorie reduction necessary

Age and Obesity

Age and Obesity

Physical Disabilities in Young Adulthood: Coping With Physical Challenge Some 50+ million Americans are

Physical Disabilities in Young Adulthood: Coping With Physical Challenge Some 50+ million Americans are physically challenged Fewer than 10% of people with major handicaps have finished high school Fewer than 25% of disabled men and 15% of disabled women work full time Adults with handicaps are often unemployed, or stuck in routine, low-paying jobs

Barriers: Discrimination and Prejudice Despite Americans with Disabilities Act (1990), many older buildings are

Barriers: Discrimination and Prejudice Despite Americans with Disabilities Act (1990), many older buildings are inaccessible to wheelchairs Prejudice and discrimination affect way disabled people think of themselves Pity, avoidance Treating adults as children Seeing disabled person as a category rather than individual

Stress and Coping in Early Adulthood STRESS: Response to events that threaten or challenge

Stress and Coping in Early Adulthood STRESS: Response to events that threaten or challenge an individual Pleasant events and unpleasant events Long-term, continuous exposure may result in a reduction of body's ability to deal with stress

Lazarus and Folkman People move through series of stages that determine whether or not

Lazarus and Folkman People move through series of stages that determine whether or not they will experience stress PRIMARY APPRAISAL SECONDARY APPRAISAL

Way individual evaluates a potential stressor determines whether individual will experience stress Steps in

Way individual evaluates a potential stressor determines whether individual will experience stress Steps in the Perception of Stress

Predicting Stressful Event (Shelly Taylor, 1991) Negative emotions are more likely to produce stress

Predicting Stressful Event (Shelly Taylor, 1991) Negative emotions are more likely to produce stress Uncontrollable or unpredictable situations are more likely to produce stress Ambiguous and confusing situations produce more stress Simultaneously tasks demands are more likely to experience stress

Consequences of Stress PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDERS COPING

Consequences of Stress PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDERS COPING

Styles of Coping How do you cope? Problem-focused coping Emotion-focused coping Social support coping

Styles of Coping How do you cope? Problem-focused coping Emotion-focused coping Social support coping Defense coping involves

Hardiness, Resilience, and Coping Hardiness is a personality characteristic associated with lower rate of

Hardiness, Resilience, and Coping Hardiness is a personality characteristic associated with lower rate of stressrelated illness Resilience is ability to withstand, overcome, and actually thrive following profound adversity

The Informed Consumer of Development Coping with Stress: General Guidelines Seek control over the

The Informed Consumer of Development Coping with Stress: General Guidelines Seek control over the situation producing the stress Redefine “threat” as “challenge” Find social support Use relaxation techniques

Review and Apply REVIEW By young adulthood, the ____ and the ____ are at

Review and Apply REVIEW By young adulthood, the ____ and the ____ are at their peak, but growth is proceeding, particularly in the ____. Young adults are generally as ____ and ____ as they will ever be, and ____ present the greatest risk of death. In the United States, ____ is also a significant risk, particularly for non-white males.

Review and Apply REVIEW Even in young adulthood, health must be maintained by proper

Review and Apply REVIEW Even in young adulthood, health must be maintained by proper ____ and ____ is increasingly a problem for young adults. People with physical disabilities face not only physical barriers but also psychological barriers caused by ____ and ____, which is a healthy reaction in small doses, can be harmful to body and mind if it is frequent or of long duration.

Review and Apply APPLY Describe and discuss your own coping style(s). What do you

Review and Apply APPLY Describe and discuss your own coping style(s). What do you do when faced with stress? What works and what doesn’t? What sorts of interpersonal barriers do people with disabilities face? How can those barriers be removed?

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Intellectual Growth in Early Adulthood Physical development slows down during early adulthood, but does

Intellectual Growth in Early Adulthood Physical development slows down during early adulthood, but does cognitive? ~ What did Piaget propose?

Postformal Thought Giesela Labouvie-Vief Adult predicaments are sometimes solved by relativistic thinking rather than

Postformal Thought Giesela Labouvie-Vief Adult predicaments are sometimes solved by relativistic thinking rather than pure logic Postformal thought acknowledges that world sometimes lacks purely right and wrong solutions so adults must draw upon prior experiences to solve problems

K. Warner Schaie ACQUISITIVE STAGE ACHIEVING STAGE RESPONSIBLE STAGE EXECUTIVE STAGE REINTEGRATIVE STAGE

K. Warner Schaie ACQUISITIVE STAGE ACHIEVING STAGE RESPONSIBLE STAGE EXECUTIVE STAGE REINTEGRATIVE STAGE

How Information Is Used: Schaie’s Stages

How Information Is Used: Schaie’s Stages

Intelligence: What Matters in Early Adulthood? Sternberg TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE Intelligence is made

Intelligence: What Matters in Early Adulthood? Sternberg TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE Intelligence is made up of three major components: Componential aspects Experiential components Contextual factors

A Closer Look: Sternberg

A Closer Look: Sternberg

Expanding on Sternberg’s Theory… Psychologist Seymour Epstein Constructive thinking Form of practical intelligence Underlies

Expanding on Sternberg’s Theory… Psychologist Seymour Epstein Constructive thinking Form of practical intelligence Underlies success in such areas as social relationships and physical and emotional health

Creativity: Novel Thought in Early Adulthood CREATIVITY Early adulthood Peak of creativity Many of

Creativity: Novel Thought in Early Adulthood CREATIVITY Early adulthood Peak of creativity Many of professional problems are novel Willing to take risks

Life Events and Cognitive Development Major life events may lead to cognitive growth Think

Life Events and Cognitive Development Major life events may lead to cognitive growth Think about the world in novel, more complex, sophisticated, and often less rigid ways Apply postformal thought (Labouvie-Vief)

Review and Apply APPLY Cognitive development continues into young adulthood with the emergence of

Review and Apply APPLY Cognitive development continues into young adulthood with the emergence of ____ thought, which goes beyond logic to encompass ____ and ____ thinking. Perry suggests that people move from ____ thinking to ____ thought during early adulthood. According to Schaie, people pass through five stages in the way they use information: ____, ____.

Review and Apply APPLY New views of intelligence encompass the ____ theory, ____ intelligence,

Review and Apply APPLY New views of intelligence encompass the ____ theory, ____ intelligence, and ____ intelligence. ____ seems to peak during early adulthood, with young adults viewing even longstanding problems as novel situations. Major life events contribute to cognitive growth by providing opportunities and incentives to rethink one’s ____ and one’s ____.

Review and Apply APPLY What does “familiarity breeds rigidity” mean? Can you think of

Review and Apply APPLY What does “familiarity breeds rigidity” mean? Can you think of examples of this phenomenon from your own experience? Can you think of situations that you would deal with differently as an adult than as an adolescent? Do the differences reflect postformal thinking?

COLLEGE: PURSUING HIGHER EDUCATION

COLLEGE: PURSUING HIGHER EDUCATION

Higher Education College is period of developmental growth that encompasses mastery not just of

Higher Education College is period of developmental growth that encompasses mastery not just of particular bodies of knowledge, but of ways of understanding world. YES or NO?

College: Pursuing Higher Education Nationwide, a minority of high school graduates enter college Only

College: Pursuing Higher Education Nationwide, a minority of high school graduates enter college Only about 40% of those who start graduate from college in 4 years Influenced by race and gender variables

Who goes to college? • • 40% of college students today are 25 years

Who goes to college? • • 40% of college students today are 25 years of age or older Average of a community college student is 31 College degree is becoming increasingly important in obtaining and keeping job Absolute number of minority students enrolled in college has increased BUT overall proportion of minority population has decreased over past decade

College Student Attendance Trends

College Student Attendance Trends

Consequences Proportion of students who enter college but ultimately never graduate is substantial!

Consequences Proportion of students who enter college but ultimately never graduate is substantial!

From Research to Practice Does a Racially Diverse College Campus Make for a Richer

From Research to Practice Does a Racially Diverse College Campus Make for a Richer Learning Exposure to other students who represent range of cultures, ethnicities, and races has important consequences. Not only do students benefit socially in terms of increased multicultural understanding, but their cognitive development is also enhanced. Diversity leads to more critical thinking and other sorts of cognitive advances

Something to Consider… Why might students perceive the contributions of an African American discussant

Something to Consider… Why might students perceive the contributions of an African American discussant to be more novel and influential than the contributions of a white discussant, even when they say the same things?

Why is there a gender gap in college attendance? Will it continue? Men have

Why is there a gender gap in college attendance? Will it continue? Men have more opportunities to earn money when they graduate More women enrolled in college

The Changing College Student: Never Too Late to Go to College? According to Sherry

The Changing College Student: Never Too Late to Go to College? According to Sherry Willis, adults return to college for several reasons: To understand their own aging To keep up with rapid technological and cultural advances To combat obsolescence on the job To acquire new vocational skills To broaden their intellectual skills

College Adjustment: Reacting to the Demands of College Life First year adjustment reaction Particularly

College Adjustment: Reacting to the Demands of College Life First year adjustment reaction Particularly affects unusually successful students in high school Passes for most as friends made and integration into college life occurs Serious psychological consequences for few

The Informed Consumer of Development When Do College Students Need Professional Help with Their

The Informed Consumer of Development When Do College Students Need Professional Help with Their Problems? Psychological distress that lingers and interferes with a person’s sense of well-being and ability to function Feelings that one is unable to cope effectively with the stress Hopeless or depressed feelings Inability to build close relationships with others Physical symptoms

Depression in College Students

Depression in College Students

What causes differences in gender distribution in classes and attrition rates?

What causes differences in gender distribution in classes and attrition rates?

Gender and College Performance Prejudice and discrimination Hostile sexism Benevolent sexist Differences exist in

Gender and College Performance Prejudice and discrimination Hostile sexism Benevolent sexist Differences exist in gender distribution in classes and attrition rates

Stereotype Threat and Disidentification with School African Americans don’t do well in academic pursuits.

Stereotype Threat and Disidentification with School African Americans don’t do well in academic pursuits. Women lack ability in math and science.

Steele Research Women and African Americans perform less well in college Academic disidentification

Steele Research Women and African Americans perform less well in college Academic disidentification

The Great Gender Divide During 1 st year of college, men are more likely

The Great Gender Divide During 1 st year of college, men are more likely to view themselves as above average in several academic areas.

Dropping Out of College Half of all students drop out of college Marriage, children,

Dropping Out of College Half of all students drop out of college Marriage, children, or death of family member Academic difficulties Financial difficulties Time off to mature

As people move into young adulthood, the need to know when to conform to

As people move into young adulthood, the need to know when to conform to social situations becomes important. The simulations on the next few slides will provide a way for you to participate in a reenactment of a famous conformity study. Are you ready?

Review and Apply REVIEW Rates of college enrollment differ across ____ and ____ lines.

Review and Apply REVIEW Rates of college enrollment differ across ____ and ____ lines. The average ____ of college students is steadily increasing as more ____ return to college. New students often find the transition to college difficult and experience ____.

Review and Apply REVIEW In college, students learn not only a body of ____,

Review and Apply REVIEW In college, students learn not only a body of ____, but also a way of understanding the ____ that generally accepts more viewpoints and sees values in ____ terms. ____ differences in treatment and expectations cause men and women to make different choices and engage in different behaviors in college. The phenomena of ____ and ____ help explain the lower performance of women and African Americans in certain academic domains.

Review and Apply APPLY How would you educate college professors who behave differently toward

Review and Apply APPLY How would you educate college professors who behave differently toward male and female students? What factors contribute to this phenomenon? Can this situation be changed? How is the presence of older students likely to affect the college classroom, given what you know about human development? Why?

EPILOGUE Return to the prologue of this chapter, in which we met college students

EPILOGUE Return to the prologue of this chapter, in which we met college students Roy Singh and Paul Zhao. In light of what you now know about physical and cognitive development in early adulthood, answer the following questions. How do you think family expectations about education affected the two students’ decisions to enroll in college? As an Indian American student from a wealthy background, what challenges is Roy likely to encounter if he enters a college in which Indian students are a small minority?

EPILOGUE Is academic disidentification likely to be a problem for Paul, with his “mean

EPILOGUE Is academic disidentification likely to be a problem for Paul, with his “mean streets” background? Why or why not? How might the phenomenon of stereotype threat affect both Roy and Paul? Which student do you think may have the more difficult adjustment to college? Which is more likely to drop out of college? Why?