Human Growth and Development Life Stages Basic Definitions

Human Growth and Development Life Stages

Basic Definitions § Growth=measurable physical changes that occur throughout a person’s life § Development=changes in intellectual, mental, emotional, social, and functional skills that occur over time § Life stages=stages of growth & development from birth to death

Types of Growth & Development § Physical=body growth (ht & wt changes, muscle & nerve development, & changes in body organs) § Mental or Cognitive=intellectual development (how to solve problems, make judgements, & deal with situations) § Emotional=feelings (dealing with love, hate, joy, fear, & excitement) § Social=interactions & relationships with others

7 Life Stages 1) Infancy: birth to 1 year 2) Early childhood: 1 -6 years 3) Late childhood: 6 -12 years 4) Adolescence: 5) Early adulthood: 6) Middle adulthood: 7) Late adulthood: 12 -18 years 19 -40 years 40 -65 years and older

Infancy- Physical Development Birth to 1 year § Most dramatic & rapid changes in growth & development occur during the 1 st year of life § Newborns usually weigh 6 -8 lbs and measure 1822” § By end of 1 st year, weight usually triples to 21 -24 lbs

Infancy- Physical Development § Muscular & nervous systems are immature § Reflex actions allow infant to respond to the environment: 1. Moro (startle) reflex=response to a loud noise or 2. Rooting reflex=slight touch on a cheek causes the 3. Sucking reflex=caused by a slight touch on the lips 4. Grasp reflex=grasp an object placed in the hand sudden movement mouth to open & head to turn

Infancy- Physical Development Milestones: § 2 -4 months=roll from side to back, support § 4 -6 months=turn the body completely around, accept § themselves on their forearms when prone, & grasp or try to reach objects handed to them, grasp stationary objects such as bottle, hold head up while sitting 6 -8 months=sit unsupported, grasp moving objects, transfer objects from one hand to the other, crawl on the stomach

Infancy- Physical Development Milestones: § 8 -10 months=crawl using hands & knees, pull to § 12 months=walk, grasp objects with thumb & sitting/standing, good hand-mouth coordination fingers, throw small objects, have 10 -12 teeth, good color vision

Infancy-Mental Development § Respond to discomforts such as pain, cold, or hunger by crying § As their needs are met, they gradually become more aware of their surroundings & begin to recognize individuals associated with their care § 2 -4 months=coo or babble, laugh out loud, squeal with § 6 months=understand some words & can make basic § 12 months=understand many words & use single words pleasure sounds such as “mama” & “dada” in their vocabularies

Infancy-Emotional Development § Newborns show excitement § 4 -6 months=distress, delight, anger, disgust, & fear § 12 months=elation & affection for adults § Events that occur in 1 st year of life when these emotions are first exhibited can have a strong influence on an person’s emotional behavior during adulthood

Infancy-Social Development § Progresses gradually from the self-centeredness concept of the newborn to the recognition of others in the environment § 4 months=recognize caregivers, smiles, stares intently § 6 months=watch activities of others, shows signs of § 12 months=shy with strangers, socialize freely with at others possessiveness, may become shy/withdrawn in presence of strangers familiar people, mimic & imitate gestures, facial expressions, & vocal sounds

Infancy-Needs § Dependent on others for all needs § Food, cleanliness, & rest essential for physical growth § Love & security essential for emotional & social growth § Stimulation essential for mental growth (2: 52) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=m 40 xv. VNdm. Bs

Early Childhood-Physical Development 1 -6 years of age § Muscle coordination allows child to run, climb, & move freely § As muscles of fingers develop, child learns how to write, draw, & use fork/knife § 2 -3 years=most teeth have erupted § 2 -4 years=learn bladder/bowel control

Early Childhood-Mental Development § 2 year olds have short attention spans but are interested in many activities and can remember details & begin to understand concepts § 4 year olds ask frequent questions & usually recognize letters & some words; begin to make decisions based on logic rather than on trial & error § By age 6, they are very verbal with vocab of 1, 500 -2, 500 words & want to read & write; memory has developed to where they can make decisions on both past & present experiences

Early Childhood-Emotional Development § 1 -2 years=begin to develop self-awareness, recognize § 2 years=like routine & can become angry when § 4 -6 years=gain more control over emotions; § 6 years=have learned to deal with new situations with the effect they have on other people & things; will accept or defy limits changes occur; enthusiastic about learning but can have temper tantrums when frustrated understand concept of right/wrong less anxiety

Early Childhood-Social Development § Expands from self-centered 1 year old to sociable 6 year old § In early years, children are usually strongly attached to their caregivers & fear any separation § Playing alongside other children is more common than playing with other children § Gradually children learn to put “self” aside & begin to take more of an interest in others § By age 6 become more agreeable & social; friends of their own age become important

Early Childhood-Needs § Need routine, order, and consistency in their daily lives § Must be taught to be responsible & must learn how to conform to rules § (5: 28) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=o 0 TGczdbi. V 4&list =PLclr. I 5 ng. OIYv. Jcqp. Xd. WYa. F 8_FZB 2 SXa. M-

Late Childhood-Physical Development 6 -12 years of age § AKA preadolescence § Muscle coordination is well developed § Can engage in physical activities that require complex motor-sensory coordination § Most primary teeth are lost, permanent teeth erupt § During ages 10 -12 secondary sexual characteristics develop

Late Childhood-Mental Development § Life centers around school § Speech skills develop more completely; reading & writing skills are learned § Learn to use info to solve problems; memory becomes more complex § Begin to understand abstract concepts: loyalty, honesty, values, morals § Use active thinking & become more adept at making judgements

Late Childhood-Emotional Development § At age 6, children are often frightened & uncertain as they begin school § Reassuring parents & success in school helps children gain self-confidence § Gradually, fears are replaced by the ability to cope § By ages 10 -12 sexual maturation & changes in body functions can lead to depression followed by period of joy § Emotional changes can cause children to be restless, anxious, & difficult to understand

Late Childhood-Social Development § Progresses from liking activities they can do by themselves and not liking group activities to being more group oriented § Typically forms groups with members of their own sex § More ready to accept the opinions of others and learn to conform to rules & standards of behavior followed by the group § Towards the end of this period, they tend to make friends more easily & begin to develop an increasing awareness of the opposite sex § Dependency on their parents lessens as does the time they spend with their parents

Late Childhood-Needs § Need for reassurance, parental approval, and peer acceptance § (1: 59) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=sdu. O 4 Ne 5 h. RM

Adolescence-Physical Development 12 -18 years of age § Physical changes occur most dramatically in the early period § Muscle coordination is slower than growth leading to awkwardness or clumsiness § Puberty=development of sexual organs & secondary sexual § Onset of menstruation in girls; production of sperm & semen in boys § Secondary sexual characteristics in females=pubic hair, breasts, wider hips, distribution of fat leading to female shape § Secondary sexual characteristics in males=pubic, facial, & body hair; deeper voice, more muscle mass & broader shoulders characteristics

Adolescence-Mental Development § Increase in knowledge & sharpening of skills § Learn to make decisions & to accept responsibility for their actions § Conflicts occur because they are treated as both children & adults-being told to “grow up” while being reminded that they are “still children”

Adolescence-Emotional Development § Often stormy & in conflict § Try to establish their identities & independence, but are often uncertain & feel inadequate & insecure § Worry about appearance, abilities, & relationships with others § Respond more to peer group influences § Self-identity has been established by end of this period & they feel more comfortable with themselves gaining more control of their feelings & becoming more emotionally mature

Adolescence-Social Development § Spending less time with family & more time with peer groups § Seek security in groups of people their own age who have similar problems & conflicts § If these peer relationships help develop selfconfidence through the approval of others, they become more secure & satisfied

Adolescence-Needs § Need reassurance, support, & understanding § Many problems that develop during this stage can be traced to the conflict & feelings of inadequacy & insecurity that they experience § Anorexia nervosa=(anorexia) psychological disorder § Anorexia can cause metabolic disorders, excessive weight loss, weakness, & death if not treated in which a person drastically reduces food intake or refuses to eat at all.

Adolescence-Needs § Bulimia=psychological disorder in which a person § Bulimarexia=person induces vomiting or uses § All of these are more common in females than males § Psychological or psychiatric help is usually needed to treat these conditions alternately binges (eats excessively) & then fasts, or refuses to eat at all laxatives to get rid of food that has been eaten

Adolescence-Needs § Chemical abuse=use of substances such as alcohol § Can occur at any life stage but frequently starts in adolescence § Suicide=one of the leading causes of death in § Permanent solution to a temporary problem or drugs & development of a physical and/or mental dependence on them adolescents due to their impulsive nature

Adolescence-Needs Most individuals who are thinking of suicide give warning signs such as: § Neglect of personal § Verbal statements “I’d hygiene rather be dead” § Alcohol/drug abuse § Sudden changes in § Losing interest in appetite & sleep habits hobbies/other aspects of life § Withdrawal, depression, moodiness § Preoccupation with death § Excessive fatigue or § Injuring one’s body agitation § Giving away possessions (4: 55) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=4 ei. GZI 39 ASc

Early Adulthood-Physical Development 19 -40 years old § Most productive life stage § Physical development is basically complete § Muscles are developed & strong, motor coordination is at its peak § Prime childbearing years

Early Adulthood-Mental Development § Deals with independence § Makes career choices § Establishes a lifestyle § Selects a marital partner § Starts a family § Establishes values

Early Adulthood-Emotional Development § Find satisfaction in achievements § Take responsibility for their actions § Learn to accept criticism § Profit from mistakes

Early Adulthood-Social Development § Moving away from peer group § Associates with others who have similar ambitions & interests, regardless of age § Finds a mate and forms a family § (2: 21) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=N 5 Oyi. Jm 5 m 4 s

Middle Adulthood-Physical Development 40 -65 years old § AKA middle age § Hair tends to gray and thin § Skin begins to wrinkle, muscle tone decreases § Hearing loss starts, visual acuity declines, weight gain occurs § Menopause=end of menstruation § Male climacteric=slowing of male hormone production

Middle Adulthood-Mental Development § Mental ability continues to increase during middle age § Individuals have acquired an understanding of life & learned to cope with many different stresses § Confident decision makers § Excel at analyzing situations

Middle Adulthood-Emotional Development § Period of contentment and satisfaction or a time of crisis § Emotional foundation of previous life stages & the situations that occur during middle age determine emotional status during this period § Job stability, financial success, end of child rearing, & good health can all contribute to emotional satisfaction § Stress, created by job loss, fear of aging, loss of youth & vitality, illness, marital problems, or problems with children/aging parents, can contribute to emotional feelings of depression, insecurity, anxiety,

Middle Adulthood-Social Development § Family relationships often see a decline as children begin lives of their own & parents die § Work relationships frequently replace gamily § Relationships between husband/wife can become stronger as they have more time together & enjoy success § Divorce rates are also high as couples who have remained together for their children now separate § (3: 08) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=4 JXELEMo. La 0

Late Adulthood-Physical Development 65 years and older AKA elderly, senior citizen, golden ager, retired citizen Physical development is on the decline and includes: § § § Skin becomes dry, wrinkled, & § Hearing loss, decreased visual acuity, decreased tolerance for thinner w/ brown (age) spots temperatures that are too Hair becomes thin & loses its hot/cold luster or shine § Memory loss Bones become brittle & porous and are more likely § Breathing capacity decreases & to break causes SOB Cartilage between vertebrae § Changes usually occur slowly over thins & can lead to stooping a long period & many people don’t show physical changes until Muscles lose tone and strength 70’s or 80’s

Late Adulthood-Mental Development § Short-term memory is usually first to decline § Alzheimer’s disease=irreversible loss of memory, § Arteriosclerosis=thickening & hardening of artery deterioration of intellectual functions, speech & gait disturbances, and disorientation walls that can cause decrease of blood to brain and a decrease in mental abilities

Late Adulthood-Emotional Development § Some cope well with stresses of aging & remain happy & able to enjoy life § Others become lonely, frustrated, withdrawn, & depressed § Retirement, death of a spouse & friends, physical disabilities, financial problems, loss of independence, & knowledge that life must end can cause emotional distress

Late Adulthood-Social Development § Retirement can lead to loss of self-esteem § Death of a spouse/friends & moving to a new environment can cause changes in relationships

Late Adulthood-Needs § Sense of belonging, self-esteem, financial security, social acceptance, & love § (5: 04) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=8 -orns 9 n. O 4 k