Periodization Early Middle Ages 500 1000 High Middle

Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500

Europe in the 6 c

Charlemagne: 742 to 814

Charlemagne’s Empire

Pope Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

The Carolingian Renaissance

Carolingian Miniscule

Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses: Treaty of Verdun, 843

Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

Setting Out on Crusade

Christian Crusades: East and West

Holy Roman Empire

Holy Roman Empire • Not necessarily Holy, but deferred to and “protected” the Pope • Not necessarily Roman, but German • Not necessarily an Empire, but a collection of German “Principalities” (from “Prince”) • Christianity the unifying force all over Europe • “Excommunication” and “Interdict” kept kings and princes in line

Holy Roman Empire • Otto the Great – Used clergy to offset power of nobles. Built up monasteries and allied with abbots. – Crowned King in 936, crowned emperor in 962 after invasion of Italy • Henry IV – Lay investiture problems – banned by Pope in 1075 – Concordat of Worms – veto power of Pope

Frederick I “Barbarossa” • First to call lands “Holy Roman Empire” after elected by German princes • Invaded Italy’s rich cities; merchants and Pope vs Barbarossa • 1176 – crossbow-wielding Lombard League soldiers at Legnano defeated Feudal Knights – 1 st time! • Weakening of “king” in Germany, but strengthening of lands in France and England…

The Rise of European Monarchies: England

William the Conqueror: Battle of Hastings, 1066 (Bayeaux Tapestry)

Evolution of England’s Political System v Henry I: § William’s son. § set up a court system. § Exchequer dept. of royal finances. v Henry II: § established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom. § grand jury. § trial by jury.

Magna Carta, 1215 v King John I v Runnymeade v “Great Charter” v monarchs were not above the law. v kings had to consult a council of advisors. v kings could not tax arbitrarily.

The Beginnings of the British Parliament v Great Council: § middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng. , bourgeoisie in Fr. , burghers in Ger. ] were added at the end of the 13 c. § eventually called Parliament. § by 1400, two chambers evolved: o House of Lords nobles & clergy. o House of Commons knights and burgesses.

The Rise of European Monarchies: France

Feudalism meets Monarchy • English Kings (Plantagenets) own lands in France (Aquitaine, for example). • Are Kings of England vassals to the French Crown (Capetians)? • Tough questions, when England France are gaining identities as “Frenchmen” and “Englishmen” rather than “Franks” or “Angles” or “Saxons” or “Burgundians. ”

Gothic Architectural Style e Pointed arches. e High, narrow vaults. e Thinner walls. e Flying buttresses. e Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors. e Stained-glass windows. “Flying” Buttresses

Commerce and Nationalism • Rise of a commercial class leads to a strengthening of trade and commerce. • Goods and ideas exchanged, time of “revolution” away from feudalism and to nation-states with powerful commercial interests • Along with destruction of Feudal chivalry on the Crusades, new trade means that change is on the wing! • Europeans ready to join the world.

Medieval Universities

Medieval Trade

Medieval Guilds Guild Hall v Commercial Monopoly: § Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman § Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece]. § Controlled prices