Nutrition 102 Supplements and Pain Disorders Supplements not

Nutrition 102 Supplements and Pain Disorders

Supplements, not Substitutes o The goal is for fresh fruits and vegetables to form a major portion of the diet, to be the main course rather than a side dish. The benefits from fruits and veggies are not derived principally from the vitamins; they can therefore not be obtained from the use of multivitamin pills as a substitute for whole foods.

Fruits and Veggies with Highest Antioxidant Value Cranberries o Apples o Red grapes o Strawberries o Red peppers o Broccoli o Carrots o Spinach o

Other Recap Issues from Nutrition 101 o o o Eat adequate protein – ½ - ¾ gram per pound of lean body weight, depending on activity level Avoid simple sugar and eat low glycemic index foods Avoid artificial sweeteners and other additives Avoid food allergens Eat organic to the extent possible Consider reducing or eliminating caffeine

AGE (advanced glycation endproducts) and inflammation “. . circulating glycotoxins (s. AGE) can be modulated in human diabetes by altering dietary AGE intake. s. AGE changes are followed by parallel changes in levels of inflammatory molecules (CRP, TNFa, and VCAM-1), all three of which are established markers of diabetes and vascular disease. These American Heart Association- and American Diabetes Association-approved diets were not enriched in fat or carbohydrate (as are Western diets) and were balanced for vitamin content and antioxidant supplements…. Significant changes in s. AGE occurred within a short period (2 weeks), which paralleled AGE consumption and were sustained for the six weeks of study. ” PNAS 99(24): 15596 -601, 2002

Low AGE diet o o o Animal-derived products, such as cheese, sausage and bacon speed up AGE formation. Prepare meals under low heat, for least amount of time necessary, and with as much water as possible. Water delays reactions that lead to AGEs. Boiling, steaming and poaching are preferred to broiling, frying, baking and other high-temperature cooking. Eat vegetables, which are low in AGEs. Slice meat very thinly and pass it quickly in a frying pan with little oil. Enhance flavor with spices rather than relying on cooking methods like frying to improve taste

Trans Fatty Acid Intake Increases insulin resistance. o Associated with elevated risk of new onset diabetes. o Positively associated with IL-6 and CRP concentrations in women with higher BMI. o Trans-FAs and SFAs desensitize mediation of PPAR , decreasing insulin sensitivity. o o PPAR not mediated correctly can lead to insulin resistance. o Omega-3 fatty acids modify receptivity of PPAR increasing insulin sensitivity and glucose transport.

Trans fats o o o Average consumption in industrialized countries: 4 -7% of total dietary fat. (4. 7% in Nurses Health Study) Major sources: fast foods, bakery products, packaged snacks, and margarines. TFA intake independently predicts CAD and diabetes risks. TFA intake positively associated with markers of systemic inflammation in women (s. TNF-R 1 and s. TNF-R 2). In 19 subjects, soybean margarine diets: 6. 7% vs 0. 6% Cal from TFAs increased TNF production by cultured mononuclear cells. Mozaffarian D et al: Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 79: 606 -12

Care and Feeding of the Joints Water – drink at least 2 liters per day o Ligaments are made of collagen o o Hydrolyzed collagen can provide building blocks o Cartilage is made of GAGs, o Glucosamine sulfate is a major building block

Spondylosis Hydrolyzed collagen – Arthred Collagen is an unusual protein in composition; every third AA is proline. Hydrolyzed collagen provides raw materials for repair of ligaments and tendons o The dietary equivalent is soup made from bones and gristle and boiled much of the day. o May also have some benefit for prevention of osteoporosis. o

Glucosamine Sulfate: Over 300 studies – 20 are double-blind, placebo controlled o Building block of proteoglycans that make up cartilage o Proven to: o o Regenerate cartilage Reduce cartilage-degrading enzymes Relieve joint pain – better than LT ibuprofen Increase joint mobility

Glucosamine Sulfate o Dose o Up to 3, 000 mg for 1 st 12 weeks o Maintenance dose o 1, 500 mg daily of HCL or sulfate form o Side effects o Minimal effect on glycemic control

Chondroitin Sulfate In 1998 the journal Osteoarthritis and Cartilage published 3 double-blind, placebo controlled studies that documented the effectiveness of chondroitin sulfate for treating arthritis. o In 2000 JAMA reviewed the outcomes of 37 studies on the effects of glucosamine and chondroitin. Chondroitin had a high positive outcome on OA and glucosamine a moderate outcome. (JAMA. 2000: 283: 1469 -1475)

Chondroitin Sulfate Dose: 400 mg. 3 x daily o Side effects: Rare GI disturbance o Cost – only 3% of dose may be absorbed as intact chondroitin o o Studies are ongoing to establish whether combination of glucosamine and chondroitin is more effective than glucosamine alone

SAMe: S-adenosyl Methionine Used extensively in Europe for OA and depression o Several double-blind and comparison studies showing it as effective as naproxen and piroxicam for pain relief in OA o

SAMe o Dose recommendation: o Recommended 400 mg 3 x daily for 3 weeks o Maintenance Dose: 200 mg 3 x daily o Tip: take with bromelain to improve oral absorption Drawback: Expensive! May provoke mania. o Contraindications: High serum homocysteine. o

Niacinamide: o 1996 - niacinamide (500 mg 6 x daily) significantly improved severity of arthritis and joint mobility. o Increases circulation into the joint o Reduces chemicals that accelerate cartilage damage o Decreases inflammation by reducing cytokines (TNFa) o Dose: 500 mg 2 -6 x daily

Dietary Supplements for OA Foundation Nutrition: Multivitamin/ mineral/ antioxidant/phytonutrient formula o Vitamin D 400 IU per day – or even 2000 IU o Vitamin E mixed tocopherols 400 IU per day o Probably: o o Essential Fatty Acids: Fish oils EPA 1 -3 g/DHA 400 - 600 mg daily o Calcium/Magnesium 1, 000 -1, 200 mg calcium, 400600 mg magnesium o Vitamin C: Ascorbate and/or esterified: 1 -3 grams daily

Botanical Therapy - Topical o Counterirritation Rubefacients l Nettles l o Capsaicin o Depletion of Substance P o Dose: 0. 025% - 0. 075% applied 4 times per day for 2 -4 weeks to determine effect

Botanical Medicine for OA o Boswellia: Ayurvedic herb Researched in India to relieve inflammation, joint swelling, and promote joint circulation o boswellic acids in the tree resin counteract the effects of leukotrienes o Increases joint blood supply o Dose: 500 mg standardized to 70% boswellic acids 3 -5 x daily on empty stomach

Botanical Medicine for OA o Curcumin: o Natural anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant Potentiates cortisol’s ability to reduce inflammation. o Reduces leukotrienes. Dose: 400 mg standardized to 95% curcuminoids 3 x daily on empty stomach o Side effect: dyspepsia o

Botanical Therapy for OA Combine both Boswellia and Curcumin with 1, 000 mg bromelain for max. absorption; lecithin may also improve absorption o In one study, Boswellia, Turmeric (Curcumin) were combined with Withania, Zinc and 70% of subjects had a significant decrease in pain and disability o

Devil’s Claw Harpagophytum procumbens (Devil’s claw) – 60 mg harpagoside per day o Primarily analgesic, not much anti-inflammatory activity; in one study was as effective as vioxx for low back pain o Try for 4 -8 weeks o

Antioxidants in Tendonitis Osgood-Schlatter: selenium 50 mcg tid, vitamin E 400 IU/d I have used this with success in plantar fasciitis as well

Tendonitis - Enzyme Therapy Certain digestive enzymes, when taken between meals, are absorbed systemically and decrease circulating immune complexes, decrease activated complement, etc. o Wobenzym-N has been studied in ankle tendonitis, hand flexor tendonitis, supracondylar fractures in children o We often use bromelain in this way (500 – 1000 mg three times daily between meals)

Cat’s Claw (Una de Gato) o Rainforest herb which decreases inflammation (inhibits lipoxygenase), is also an immune stimulant o Saventaro is a unique extract with higher activity (POA’s only, free of TOA’s) o Has been shown to be effective in OA in the knee and RA.

MSM Methylsulfonylmethane Related to DMSO, sulfur source o May act by contributing to methylation cycle and glutathione regeneration o Tiny clinical trials only, appears safe in animal trials o Dose: 3000 – 8000 mg per day o Side effects: Diarrhea

Essential Fatty Acids Fish oil – 2 -3 tsp per day of liquid cod liver oil with EPA and DHA, or 2 -3 Tblsp of flax oil o GLA – 500 mg per day, only if already using fish oil o

Effect on TNF- and IL 1 - Production of Diets Enriched in n-3 Fatty Acids From Vegetable Oil or Fish Oil Flaxseed oil x 4 wks reduced TNF-a and IL 1 - production by 30%. o Fish oil x 4 wks reduced TNF-a and IL 1 - 74% and 80% respectively. o Inverse exponential relation between TNFa, IL 1 - production and mononuclear EPA conc. o Caughey GE et al, Am J Clin Nutr. 1996; 63(1): 116 -22.

Depression o Omega-3 Fatty Acids o After 5 years, switching subjects to a cholesterol-lowering diet in which fish consumption was increased, thus raising -3 intake, was associated with reductions in measures of depression. l Ann Intern Med. 117(10): 820 -3, 1992

Additional Measures For Fighting Inflammation: o o o Vitamin E with mixed tocopherols, including gamma (inhibits cyclooxygenase). Vitamin C 1 -2 grams per day – reduces pain and need for surgery in patients with low back pain Possibly vitamin D at high doses: 2000 – 4000 IU per day (monitor calcium when starting this)- down-modulates NFkappa. B Ginger – inhibits lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase Other herbs: grape seed extract, rosemary, green tea, cherry, etc.

Detoxification Support and Cartilage Protection o “Brief exposure to blood resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis. The effect was irreversible, independent of IL-1 and TNF production, and was accompanied by chondrocyte death. These effects were partially prevented by Nacetylcysteine…Brief exposure of cartilage to blood as occurs after a single episode or a limited number of bleeding episodes, results in lasting cartilage damage in vitro, in which cytotoxic oxygen metabolites play a role. ” o Roosendaal, G et al. Arthritis & Rheumatism 1999; 42(5): 1025 -1031

Supportive Nutrients for Detoxification Pathways Phase I [cytochrome P 450 enzymes] Lipid-soluble molecule Phase II [conjugation pathways] Activated Intermediates riboflavin (vit. B 2) niacin (vit. B 3) pyridoxine (vit. B 6) folic acid vitamin B 12 glutathione branched-chain amino acids flavonoids phospholipids excretory derivatives polar ( water-soluble ) ATP glutathione glycine Serum taurine glutamine Kidneys ornithine arginine Urine methyl donors N-acetylcysteine Bile cysteine Feces/stools methionine © 1995 Health. Comm International, Inc.

Co. Q 10 20 - 300 mg N-acetylcarnitine 20 - 1000 mg N-acetylcysteine 20 - 1000 mg L-glutathione 20 - 1000 mg Vitamin E succinate 100 - 1000 mg Lipoate 20 - 600 mg Vitamin B 12 100 - 1000 mcg Vitamin B 6 10 - 100 mg Folate 0. 4 - 10 mg Betaine 100 - 3000 mg Creatine 50 - 2000 mg Magnesium 200 - 800 mg Zinc 10 - 50 mg Copper 1 - 5 mg Selenium 100 - 500 mcg Molybdenum 100 - 600 mcg Ginkgo biloba extract 120 mg DHA/EPA 2000 -3000 mg

The End

Cyclooxygenase Modulated by EPA/AA ratio. o Inhibited by o o Indomethacin, aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen (weak), sulfasalazine (topical). o Ginger, tumeric (Curcumin longa), melatonin, green tea, purple grape, thyme, rosemary, cayenne, hops fractions.

Lipoxygenase (5 -LPX, 12 -LPX) Modulated by EPA/AA ratio. o Inhibited by o o Sulfasalazine (topical), colchicine (LTB 4) o Vitamin E, GSH, quercitin, onion (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativa), tumeric (Curcumin longa), Boswellia serrata.