NSC UNIVERSITY OF JYVSKYL Nanoscience Center Applications of

NSC UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ Nanoscience Center Applications of cryogenic detectors in materials research: opportunities for novel instruments Kimmo Kinnunen NSC GNBI June 2009

NSC UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ Nanoscience Center Collaborators g JYU NSC – Prof. Ilari Maasilta g JYU Accelerator Lab – Prof. Harry Whitlow g Lund University Kemicentrum – Prof. Villy Sundström g NIST, Boulder USA – Kent Irwin, Joel Ullom Aivon g Star Cryoelectronics g Oxford Instruments Analytical g Possibly: g Kobelco

NSC UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ Nanoscience Center Project vision g g A new type of X-ray spectrometer with both dramatically high resolution and high efficiency. Find novel applications for our instrument. – Science – Go commercial? X-Ray spectrometers Crystal diffraction + high resolution - low efficiency Si: Li + high efficiency - low resolution Our device + high resolution + high efficiency - need low temperature

UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Transition-edge sensor (TES) g g Radiation absorbing element + thermometer in weak thermal contact to a substrate at low temperature. Thermometer = a thin film superconductor operated within transition large electric signal from small temperature change. Readout by SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) ultimate sensitivity. Imaging arrays possible (but not trivial)

UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Existing TES applications g Cosmology – NASA, ESA, … Scientific satellites Ground-based telescopes

UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Existing TES applications g Terrestrial – 4 K sub-mm imaging arrays • concealed weapons detection • VTT, NIST – Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) • 10 x better than Si! • Material analysis (semiconductor industry) • Vericold

NSC UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ Nanoscience Center Two novel applications g g XAFS PIXE (X-ray Absorption Fine Structure) (Particle-Induced X-ray Emission) In the near future we will get a new instrument which will enable us to pursue these applications. ADR cooler + multiplexing SQUID electronics. TES detectors will be made at JYU. Setup at NIST:

UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center XAFS g g Basically, one shines x-rays at a target and measures what comes through. Obtain information on atomic structure and chemical state. Target can be disordered material. The goal of this project is to develop a table-top experimental setup for sub-ps X-ray spectroscopy to obtain molecular time scale geometrical and electronic structural information of chemical and biological processes for deeper insights into molecular reaction mechanisms.

NSC UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ Nanoscience Center Why XAFS? NOVEL SOLAR CELL MATERIALS CHEMICAL REACTION DYNAMICS ARTIFICIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS NATURAL PIGMENTS

NSC UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ Nanoscience Center Two approaches to time-resolved XAFS SYNCHROTRON LASER-BASED • 100 -500 ps resolution • < 1 ps resolution • limited access • unlimited access • proven • x-ray source developed • operation with TES detectors to be tested

UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Sub-ps X-ray spectroscopy g Experimental setup:

UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center PIXE g Similar to Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) – 5 -30 kev electron beam is replaced with Me. V proton beam X-ray background is dramatically reduced g High sensitivity ppm -> ppb (in some cases)

UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center PIXE g Use of scanned and focused beam allows trace element mapping. g Able to analyse “impossible” samples where trace element lines are swamped by near-lying lines from major elements. g Chemical shift opens possibility to do mapping of not only elements but also their compounds.

NSC UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ Nanoscience Center Roles of the collaborators NSC NIST Star Cryo Detector array, Expertise in TESs & cryogenics SQUIDs Readout electronics Cryogenic system, Fabrication of detectors possible

NSC UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ Nanoscience Center Roles of the collaborators NSC NIST Star Cryo Detector array, Expertise in TESs & cryogenics SQUIDs Readout electronics Cryogenic system, Fabrication of detectors possible XAFS PIXE Lund University JYU Accelerator lab X-ray source. Expertise in fs-laser systems & XAFS method. Pelletron, expertise in accelerator based science. Kobelco Accelerators

NSC UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ Nanoscience Center Roles of the collaborators NSC NIST Star Cryo Detector array, Expertise in TESs & cryogenics SQUIDs Readout electronics Cryogenic system, Fabrication of detectors possible XAFS PIXE Lund University JYU Accelerator lab X-ray source. Expertise in fs-laser systems & XAFS method. Pelletron, expertise in accelerator based science. Kobelco Accelerators Aivon Oxford Instruments Funding Fabrication of detectors possible Marketing channels, expertise in x-ray instrumentation

UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Some concerns… g Role of NIST? – Licencing technology? • Star cryo / Aivon – May be possible to use VTT SQUID & readout in the future • Aivon g Can NSC fabrication facilities go industrial? • Aivon / Star cryo

UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Business model: sell hardware & support Common unit: cryogenics + detectors + readout. Estimated cost >200 k. Eur. PIXE g g Accelerators very expensive sell as add-in option for Kobelco system. Sell a spectrometer to existing facilities?

NSC UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ Nanoscience Center Business model: sell hardware & support Common unit: cryogenics, detectors, readout. Estimated cost >200 k. Eur. PIXE g g Accelerators very expensive sell as add-in option for Kobelco system. Sell a spectrometer to existing facilities? XAFS g g A unique tool. Lasers not too cheap either, but compared to a synchrotron… How long from research to product? Who are the customers?

UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ NSC Nanoscience Center Business model: measurement service Need (initially) only one spectrometer. PIXE g g Customer: semiconductor industry, … JYU accelerator lab already has some analysis services being sold. Could integrate with ours & spin off?

NSC UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ Nanoscience Center Business model: measurement service Need (initially) only one spectrometer. PIXE g g Customer: semiconductor industry, … JYU accelerator lab already has some analysis services being sold. Could integrate with ours & spin off? XAFS g g X-ray source in Lund. NSC also has good laser facilities, could set up a source here. Can compete with synchrotrons. Who is the customer?

NSC UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ Nanoscience Center Commercial prospects, why now? g There are numerous emerging applications for ultrasensitive cryogenic detectors, and many material science applications are still unexplored. g Significant advances in cryogenic technologies in the past few years facilitate easy cooling down to 50 m. K. – Pulse tube coolers – Push-button operation g g No cryogenic liquids needed Non-experts can use. TES technology has matured sufficiently. TES detectors offer significant advantages over existing methods for materials analysis.