NONMETALS METALLOIDS Section 16 3 Exploring Nonmetals Except

NONMETALS & METALLOIDS Section 16 -3

Exploring Nonmetals Except for the noble (inert) gases, most families of nonmetals also contain metalloids and/or metals, the families of nonmetals are not as similar in properties, as families of meta

Properties of Nonmetals • Nonmetals make products with a wide variety of properties (fur, plants, plastics, liquids, gases) sulfur dull • Mostly gases at room temp. • Opposite physical properties of metals: soft, dull, poor brittle conductors, brittle (break easily), low densities. • Most nonmetals react (gain or NOT malleable or ductile, share electrons) to form Crumbles easily compounds (except nobles)

Compounds of Nonmetals • Some compounds - Nonmetals gain electrons from metals (Na metal gives 1 ve- to Cl nonmetal to form the compound Na. Cl) • Other compounds – nonmetals share electrons with other nonmetals (CO or CO 2) • Diatomics – nonmetals share electrons to form weak bonds with their “twin”;

1 Hydrogen is a nonmetal and belongs to avefamily of Hydrogen is special! H • its own. • Hydrogen is rarely found alone, it is usually combined with oxygen to form water • Hydrogen is a simple, reactive gas that will lose, gain, or share 1 valence electron. • Hydrogen was involved in the explosion of the

Carbon Family • Elements in group 14, (one nonmetal, two metalloids, & two metals) 4 ve- • Form compounds by losing, sharing, or gaining electrons • Contains elements important to life and computers. C • Carbon is the basis for an entire branch of chemistry Si known as organic chemistry G • Lead in household paints gave children lead e poisoning Sn • Silicon is a semiconductor, highly used in the computer industry. Pb

Nitrogen Family • Elements in group 15, (two nonmetals, two metalloids, & one metal) 5 ve - • Form compounds by sharing or gaining electrons • Nitrogen makes up ¾ of the earth’s atmosphere as N 2 , N but this form is not available to living things • Farmer use nitrogen rich soils for their crops, and P we obtain the nitrogen we need from those plants As Sb • Nitrogen and phosphorus are both important in living things. Bi • Phosphorus is used to make matches and flares

Oxygen Family 6 ve - • Elements in group 16 (three nonmetals, one metalloids, & one metal) • Oxygen is very reactive & forms compounds by sharing/gaining 2 ve • Oxygen is the most abundant element in the earth’s crust and second most abundant element in the atmosphere • Diatomic O 2 is necessary for respiration and triatomic O 3 called ozone protects us from radiation from the sun • Many things that stink, contain sulfur (rotten eggs, garlic, skunks, medicines) O S Se Te Po

Halogens • F Cl Br I At • • 7 ve Elements in group - 17, very similar Mostly diatomic elements, “twins” Very reactive, volatile, nonmetals, but useful in compounds Usually shares or gains 1 ve. Always found combined with other element in nature

The Noble Gases He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn 8 or 0 ve(2 ve- if He)

The Noble or Inert Gases • • Elements in group 18 VERY UNREACTIVE gases Have a full valence shell First found in small amounts, in the earth’s crust, in the late 1800’s • Used in lighted “neon” signs • Used in blimps to fix the Hindenberg problem