NonHEP Applications for Nanosecond Scale Timing Imaging Detectors

Non-HEP Applications for Nanosecond Scale Timing Imaging Detectors A Quick Overview of Applications in Photon Science, Materials Science and Chemistry Richard Plackett – Oxford Particle Physics December 2, 2020 Dr. Richard Plackett, Particle Physics, University of Oxford 1

Overview What To Expect from this talk • A very brief overview, from the detector point of view, of several fields with significant scientific potential beyond HEP that use or could benefit from high time resolving imaging detectors What Not To Expect • In depth analysis of techniques or results • What a detector is or how to use it • Neutron To. F or 3 D scanning – fascinating applications but not enough time Outline • Oxford’s interest – OPMD group and Timepix 4 • X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS) • Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry • Cryo Electron Microscopy December 2, 2020 Dr. Richard Plackett, Particle Physics, University of Oxford 2

Oxford in Medipix 4 So why is it *me* giving the talk… Our (Oxford’s) main interest in this field comes from membership of Medipix 4 consortium with three other departments in Oxford… OPMD supporting work in all the groups. • Physics – interest in particle tracking and large area detector array prototypes for Photon Science (in collaboration with Diamond Light Source) (XPCS) • Chemistry – Time of flight mass spectrometry • Materials Science – Readout for electron microscopes (Cryo-EM) • Archaeology – devices for Luminesance dating • All groups interested in Timepix 4 ASIC • See Xavi’s talk later December 2, 2020 Dr. Richard Plackett, Particle Physics, University of Oxford 3

OPMD Laboratory 160 m 2 Class 10 k & 100 clean rooms dedicated to detector development and production 3 Axis Glue Robot Non-contact metrology +/-2 um December 2, 2020 Fine Pitch, Semi-Automatic Wire Bonding Robotic Module Assembly 300 mm Wafer Probing High Resolution Digital Microscopy Dr. Richard Plackett, Particle Physics, University of Oxford 4

Detector Specifics A quick background on the chips used here • Timepix – based on Medipix 2 25 ns time stamp, one per pixel, frame based readout. To. A or To. T. (CERN Medipix 2 collab) • PIm. MS – CMOS visible light imager, 12. 5 ns timestamp, 4 stamps per pixel, frame based readout, analogue readout possible as well. (Oxford RAL collab) • Timepix 3 – 1. 6 ns timestamp, packet based readout. 0. 5 us dead time. To. T and To. A December 2, 2020 Dr. Richard Plackett, Particle Physics, University of Oxford 5

X-RAY PHOTON CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY Working with Diamond Light Source Detector Group and STFC A. Madsen ESRF December 2, 2020 Dr. Richard Plackett, Particle Physics, University of Oxford 6

X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy • Now more and more coherent x-ray light sources becoming available. – FELs & SLS beamlines • XPCS uses the coherent interference (speckle) pattern to probe microscopic structures, particularly in the time domain. • Conventional (incoherent) small angle scattering (SAXS) is insensitive to dynamics where bulk properties remain constant on average • XPCS allows us a sensitive way to probe chemical processes at this timescale limited by our detectors that are otherwise unavailable to scattering experiments • Particularly interesting are the change in the general shape and angle of the speckle rings and the contrast variations within them. • A measure of the ‘state of disorder’ within the system December 2, 2020 Dr. Richard Plackett, Particle Physics, University of Oxford 7

XPCS - Access to New Science • Can look at many interesting phenomena – Solids behaving like liquids and transitions (jamming and polymerisation) – Liquids behaving like solids (Glass Transitions, stress strain measurements) – Grazing incidence surface deposition (crystal growth in real time) – Weak chemical bonds in dynamic processes (organic chemistry) • Challenges – Requires high flux to produce a coherent beam (SLS or FEL) – Samples often radiation sensitive – Individual sample preparation issues – this is difficult science – Detector data rates and timing resolution December 2, 2020 Dr. Richard Plackett, Particle Physics, University of Oxford 8

Typical XPCS experiment At a synchrotron this is essentially a Small Angle X-ray Scatting experiment with a special detector… Monochromatic Beam Sample Detector Pinholes to select coherent beam The time resolving power of the detector gives us our time sensitivity to the process under study December 2, 2020 Dr. Richard Plackett, Particle Physics, University of Oxford 9

XPCS - Detectors FEL detectors • Look at individual short pulses - ‘normal’ FEL detector • AGIPD, LPD at XFEL, Epix at LCLS, or Jung. Frau at Swiss. FEL • Timing set by the beam pulse length and rate and readout fraction SLS detectors • High frame rate cameras…. and Timpix 3 • Timing to as good as photon detection speed in sensor – Is better than 1 ns going to be useful? – Can we use smarter active sensors? • Small pixels for good resolution to determine speckle pattern • Large area to capture large fraction of the diffraction pattern • Bandwidth of detector will be probably be limiting factor – Each photon is timestamped so data rates will be very high – 80 M hits/s - If evenly distributed (for Timepix 3) December 2, 2020 Dr. Richard Plackett, Particle Physics, University of Oxford 10

LATR – Diamond Light Source • Large Area Timepix 3 Readout • Specifically targeting XPCS experiments • Based on a 8 by 2 ASIC 1 M pixel module similar to Excalibur Medipix 3 system • Joint Project with STFC (and a little bit Oxford) • FEM 2 readout board • 48+ chips proposed in a system 100 Gb/s data rates • Reduce gaps between detector modules as much as possible to increase coverage • Please Speak to David Omar about this! Excalibur Medipix 3 front end (DLS) December 2, 2020 Dr. Richard Plackett, Particle Physics, University of Oxford 11

TIME OF FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY Working with Vallance and Brouard Groups in Oxford Chemistry December 2, 2020 Dr. Richard Plackett, Particle Physics, University of Oxford 12

Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry • New detectors applied to a long established technique • Precise timing detectors in Chemical To. F mass spectrometry have existed for a long time, but now we can add imaging to this. • Alternatively we make multiple time image measurements in ‘one shot’ • Allows various techniques to be approached, particularly Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) • Allows the analysis of larger organic molecules that are otherwise difficult to work with due to early fragmentation during sample preparation • Also allows the imaging mass spectrometry of a heterogeneous sample (tissue) by scanning the ionisation laser. Velocity Map imaging Coincidence imaging (electron imaging) Molecular motion analysis December 2, 2020 Dr. Richard Plackett, Particle Physics, University of Oxford 13

Typical TOF-MS Experiment MALDI Grid Electrons are swept out first, then the ion acceleration voltage is switched on Detector synchronised to acceleration voltage switch Camera MCP electron Phosphor amplification Screen Ionisation Laser December 2, 2020 Dr. Richard Plackett, Particle Physics, University of Oxford How much of this do we replace with a ‘smarter’ detector 14

To. F-MS Detectors Current ‘imaging’ standard is MCP, Phosphor screen & CCD/CMOS with a timing ‘gate’ on the MCP Only allows one time slice per shot. Options for more interesting detectors under investigation: Direct detection of ions? Silicon entrance window often too thick or other complicated effects ASIC behind an MCP to collect charge cloud – been tried with Timepix(1) seems successful proof of principle. Concerns about vacuum quality and general hardware issues. Would like to try with Timepix 3, working on it. 25 ns –> 1. 5 ns multi hit etc. Timepix 4 even better… Light sensitive timing ASIC PIm. MS (STFC/Oxford) no need to be in vacuum ~12 ns, still need MCP and phosphor screen, no concerns about damaging Mass Spec system. PIm. MS 2 sensor December 2, 2020 Dr. Richard Plackett, Particle Physics, University of Oxford 15

CRYOGENIC ELECTRONMICROSCOPY Working with Oxford Materials Science Department December 2, 2020 Dr. Richard Plackett, Particle Physics, University of Oxford 16

Cryo-Electron Microscopy • • • Using electron microscopes to look at electron diffraction of organic molecules – frozen into a target grid Recently direct electron detectors have allowed huge advances Main remaining limitation is range of electron scattering in silicon detectors Current state of the art in direct detection uses CMOS detectors, integrates the charge cloud and centroids, discarding irregular shapes in post processing. Has the potential of performing some big fraction of the crystallography work done at synchrotrons for a fraction of the cost G. Pintile MIT December 2, 2020 Dr. Richard Plackett, Particle Physics, University of Oxford 17

Cryo EM layout ‘Easy’ to process Hard to reconstruct Cryo-EM image of human papillomavirus http: //news. psu. edu/story/418437/2016/07/2 2/research/super-cold-microscope-has-supercool-uses December 2, 2020 Problem of electron range limits detector Dr. Richard Plackett, Particle Physics, University of Oxford 18

Cryo EM Detector Requirements • Good spatial resolution (current limit on this technique) • Very high particle rate 109 electrons for an adequate image. Would like to run microscope 24/7… • High energies (200 ke. V-300 ke. V electrons) mean electrons penetrate thin sensors and damage ASICs • Good efficiency as sample only survives a short time December 2, 2020 Dr. Richard Plackett, Particle Physics, University of Oxford 19

Cryo-EM Possibilities for the future • Time tracking of drift clouds in the senor material using fast timing characteristics can give the actual electron impact point • Need good correction for Timewalk to pick ‘earliest pixel’ • Needs high rate and as much as possible to be done on chip. • Timepix 4? – Pixel size – Particle flux December 2, 2020 Dr. Richard Plackett, Particle Physics, University of Oxford ‘Easy’ to process Hard to reconstruct 20

Conclusions and Thoughts • • My apologies this was so shallow & filtered by my activities XPCS – – • X-ray scattering experiment sensitive to ‘fast processes’ Timepix 3 arrays under construction at DLS and other Synchrotrons Also significant FEL activity Large number of things to study TOF-MS – New detectors already produced for this PIm. MS – Trials with Timepix and Timepix 3 – Make full use of timing improvements • Cryo EM – New ways of looking at biological samples without a synchrotron – Current direct detectors may be improved by adding in silicon timing to get impact point • • A lot of space for clever ides from detector designers We are entering a domain where we are limited by the sensors not the electronics December 2, 2020 Dr. Richard Plackett, Particle Physics, University of Oxford 21