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Fire Whirl or Fire Tornado Image courtesy of United States Marine Corps

Faster CO 2 increases • • • Carbon Dioxide in Atmosphere Increasing By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS Filed at 10: 16 p. m. ET October 22, 2007 NYTimes WASHINGTON (AP) -- Just days after the Nobel prize was awarded for global warming work, an alarming new study finds that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing faster than expected. • Carbon dioxide emissions were 35 percent higher in 2006 than in 1990, a much faster growth rate than anticipated, researchers led by Josep G. Canadell, of Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, report in Tuesday's edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Weather • Hot Air Rises • Coriolis Force bends moving things to the right in the northern hemisphere • Cold air holds less water • Air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

Hot Air Rises Air can hold less water at higher altitudes 1. Hot air rises over land due to heating by the sun. 2. The rising air leaves less air in one spot, low pressure forms. 3. Generally, from 3, 000 to 5, 000 feet, the air cools, high pressure develops. 4. Meanwhile, over the cooler water, air sinks, leaving less air aloft. 5. More air piles up at the surface of the water, high pressure forms. 6. Air moves from high pressure to low pressure. 7. The sea breeze generally forms during the afternoon. This creates a mini cold front that helps lift air upward to create thunderstorms.

Hadley Cells Image courtesy of NASA

Global Rainfall Image courtesy of atmoz. org

Global Productivity Image courtesy of NASA

Coriolis Force • Result of earth spinning • In Northern Hemisphere, Coriolis Force deflects moving objects to the RIGHT • Force is proportional to velocity • Force is a function of latitude (zero at equator)

Winds Westerlies Trade Winds Image courtesy of NOAA

Surface Currents Image courtesy of United States Federal Government

Global Conveyor Belt

Climate driven by Temp and Prec Images removed due to copyright restrictions.

Upwelling Image courtesy of NOAA

El Nino Normal pattern El Nino Conditions Image courtesy of United States Federal Government

El Nino Conditions

Weather • Hot Air Rises • Coriolis Force bends moving things to the right in the northern hemisphere • Cold air holds less water • Air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure • Land warms and cools faster than the ocean

What d you notice?

What do you notice?

Fronts Cold front Warm front

Tornadoes Image courtesy of NOAA

Santa Ana Winds • Warm Form – Santa Ana • Winds from east, high pressure in Great Basin, low pressure over Pacific • Descending cold, dry winds from Rockies/Sierra Nevadas • Warms adiabatically in Fall and Winter – 10 C per 1000 m descent (29 C per mile) – http: //www. atmos. ucla. edu/~fo vell/ASother/mm 5/Santa. Ana/S A 03_rhu_nowind. GIF – Fohn • Alps Germany • Crazy times Image courtesy of NASA

Monsoons • Indian Ocean • Land cools faster than ocean in winter • Land warms faster than ocean in summer Image courtesy of Saravask, Wikipedia

Sea. Breezes Image courtesy of Vaughan Weather, Wikipedia Image courtesy of Jesús Gómez Fernández, Wikipedia Image courtesy of Federal Aviation Administration, Wikipedia

Rain Shadow • Orographic Winds • Adiabatic cooling with altitude • Latent heat released with rain Image courtesy of Wikipedia

Hurricanes Hurricane Katrina Image courtesy of NASA

Geostrophic Balance • Coriolis Force • Pressure Gradient Force • Strong cyclonic winds circulate counterclockwise in the Northern hemisphere around a low pressure zone LO Image courtesy of NASA Image courtesy of Wikipedia

Spiral Winds • Friction slows wind • CF reduced

Convection • Hot, moist air rises • Colder, dry air descends • More buoyancy differences make “deeper” convectionthunderstorms • Rain. Bands Image courtesy of NASA Images removed due to copyright restrictions. Image courtesy of NASA

Conservation of Mass • Air spiraling in • Conservation of angular momentum – Smaller radius, higher wind velocities • Air must be exhausted (vented) • Anticyclone at high altitude Images removed due to copyright restrictions.

Hurricane Formation • Inter-Tropical Convergence • Drifts off equator Tropical depression Images removed due to copyright restrictions.

Surface Cooling • Extract latent heat of evaporation leaves cool tracks Image courtesy of NASA

Image courtesy of NOAA

Nor’Easters • Heat from warm ocean • Cold from land • Jet Stream disturbance Images removed due to copyright restrictions. Image courtesy of NASA