NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS SWEEP THE WEST 1789 1900 Chapter

NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS SWEEP THE WEST 1789 -1900 Chapter 8 World History Mr. Hernandez

LATIN AMERICAN PEOPLES WIN INDEPENDENCE Chapter 8, Section 1

SECTION 1: LATIN AMERICAN PEOPLES WIN INDEPENDENCE • Colonial Society Divided • Social Hierarchy • Peninsulares – Spaniards born in Spain living in Spanish-America, able to hold high offices • Creoles – Spaniards born in Latin America, unable to hold high offices but could gain officer status in colonial military • Mestizos – people of mixed Spanish and Indian blood • Mulattos – people of mixed Spanish and African blood • Indigenous People – native Americans, at the bottom of the social ladder

SECTION 1: LATIN AMERICAN PEOPLES WIN INDEPENDENCE • Revolutions in the Americas • Inspiration drawn from the Revolutions in North America and in France • Revolution in Haiti • Known then as Saint Domingue, a French colony • During the French Revolution, oppressed people rose up against their masters in revolt • Toussaint L’Ouverture emerged as a general to take control of the island • French forces eventually land strike a deal with L’Ouverture • Later imprison him in the French Alps • Jean-Jacques Dessalines finishes Haiti’s declaration of independence

SECTION 1: LATIN AMERICAN PEOPLES WIN INDEPENDENCE • Creoles Lead Independence • Educated creoles would not support a French king of Spain • Bolivar’s Route to Victory • Won Independence for Venezuela (1821) • Will team with San Martin • San Martin Leads Southern Liberation Forces • Argentina had declared independence • His efforts liberated Chile • San Martin and Bolivar Vision • Their vision was a Latin American nation similar to the United States called Gran Colombia

SECTION 1: LATIN AMERICAN PEOPLES WIN INDEPENDENCE • Mexico Ends Spanish Rule • Peoples’ Revolution • Hidalgo’s cry for Freedom • Grito de Delores > the cry of Delores • An army of peasants, Indians, and mestizos were defeated by Spanish forces and creoles • Mexico’s Independence • A revolution in Spain yielded a new power, which changed creoles’ views in Mexico • Creoles sought Mexican independence > the same people who fought against it a decade earlier • Mexico declared independence in 1821

EUROPE FACES REVOLUTION Chapter 8, Section 2

SECTION 2: EUROPE FACES REVOLUTIONS • Clash of Philosophies • Conservative – usually wealthy property owners and nobility. They argued for protecting traditional monarchies of Europe • Liberal – mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants. They argued to give more power to elected parliaments, but only the educated and landowners would vote • Radicals – favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people. They believed that governments should practice the ideals of the French Revolution – liberty, equality, & brotherhood • Nationalism Develops • Nationalism – the belief that the people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or empire but to nation of people who share a common culture and history • Liberals and radicals favored nationalistic views • Blurred the lines that separated the three philosophies

SECTION 2: EUROPE FACES REVOLUTIONS • Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power • The Greeks declare Independence • Greece vs. the Ottomans • Great support from the Russians, British, French, and the Americans • Independence in 1830 • France > Still Trying to get it Right • Charles X attempts to establish absolute monarchy, but is run off • Louis-Philippe takes over but eventually falls from power • French still can’t get it together, but establish a presidency • Louis-Napoleon becomes president, then emperor • The French people wanted peace and stability • True leadership under Louis-Napoleon

SECTION 2: EUROPE FACES REVOLUTIONS • Reform in Russia • Still stuck the Dark Ages • Feudal-like social class and sluggish economy • Defeat Brings Change • Loss in the Crimean War due to lack of technology and progress • Alexander II brought Russia toward modernization through reforms • Freed serfs > but they were still tied to land of nobles

NATIONALISM Chapter 8, Section 3

SECTION 3: NATIONALISM • Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity • People use nationalism to build nation-states • Authoritarians use nationalism to unify masses of people • Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires • The Break up of the Austrian Empire • Defeat in the Austro-Prussian War saw Austria lose substantial land power • Nationalism forces Emperor Francis Joseph to recognize Austria and Hungary as two separate nation-states but claims rule over both of them • Forms Austria-Hungary > his reign continues to weaken

SECTION 3: NATIONALISM • The Russian Empire Crumbles • Nationalism helps to break up the empire of the czars • Ruled over a wide variety of ethnic groups under the empire • Russification > imposing Russian culture on all of their subjects • Push back from these groups and the strain of the Great War allowed for the communists to gain control in the early 1900 s • The Ottoman Empire Weakens • Like Russia the Ottoman Empire ruled over many ethnic groups • Push from western Europe urged the Ottomans to grant equal citizenship to all under their rule • Conservative Turks were furious at the this Radical change • In response to Armenian nationalism, they massacred/deported 1000 s • Ottoman Empire break apart after the Great War

SECTION 3: NATIONALISM • Cavour Unites Italy • Italian was a segmented peninsula of nation-states • Cavour Leads Italian Unification • Sardinian king names Count Camillo di Cavour as prime minister • With French aid, Cavour takes northern Italy from Austria • Garibaldi Brings Unity • Rebel soldier, Giuseppe Garibaldi, leads Italian nationalist army to capture Sicily • Became the leader of southern Italy but willingly allowed the Sardinian king rule all of the peninsula • Later Italy gains Venetia and the Papal States, which allows Rome to become its capital

SECTION 3: NATIONALISM • Bismarck Unites Germany • German Confederation made up of many smaller German states • Prussia ready to unify them all • Prussia Leads German Unification • Prussia almost exclusively German in ethnicity, which encourage nationalism • Bismarck Takes Control • Wilhelm I wants money from Parliament but is refused • Turns to Junkers, a faction of conservatives, and names Otto von Bismarck his PM • Realpolitik – “the politics of reality” that describes tough power politics with no idealism • Ruled without the consent of the parliament • Quick victories over Denmark inspired national pride and increase support from Germans

SECTION 3: NATIONALISM • Seven Weeks’ War • Bismarck breaks alliance with Austria and provokes them into a border war • Takes northern Germany and eastern and western Prussia were united • The Franco-Prussian War • Northern Prussia was Protestant, while southern regions were Catholic • Bismarck sought a common enemy to unite all Germans • Created impression that French ambassador insulted Prussian King • French declare war • Prussian dispatches France • War victory inspires Prussian nationalism • Wilhelm I becomes Kaiser (emperor), and rules over the Second Reich • Power Shift • From five great powers > Britain, Prussia, France, Austria, Russia • New powers > Germany and Britain

REVOLUTION IN ARTS Chapter 8, Section 4

SECTION 4: REVOLUTION IN ARTS • The Romantic Movement • Romanticism – reflected deep interest both in nature and in the thoughts and feelings of the individual • The Ideas of Romanticism • Emphasized inner feelings, emotions and imagination • Focus on the mysterious, the supernatural, and the exotic, grotesque • Love the beauties of untamed nature • Idealized the past as a simpler and nobler time • Glorified heroes and heroic actions • Cherished fold traditions, songs and stories • Valued the common people and the individual • Promoted radical changes and democracy

SECTION 4: REVOLUTION IN ARTS • Realism • Showed life how it was, not how it should be • Impressionism • Artist showed an impression of a or a moment in time