Ch 24 Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West Nationalism

Ch. 24 - Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West (Nationalism) Unit 10: Nationalism, Industrialization, & Imperialism

Review/ Prior Knowledge needed before moving on… (23. 5, Congress of Vienna) • Congress of Vienna- series of meetings in 1814 -1815 during which the European leaders sought to establish long-lasting peace & security after the defeat of Napoleon. • Goal = new European order, collective security & stability for the entire continent • 5 “great powers” (Russia, Prussia (Germany), Austria, Great Britain, France) made most of the decisions in secret • Klemens Von Metternich- Foreign minister of Austria, most influential of the representatives at Congress of Vienna • He had 3 goals at Congress of Vienna: • d • 1 - prevent future French aggression by surrounding France w/strong countries (Containment of France) • 2 - restore a balance of power, so that no country would be a threat to others (Balance of power) • 3 - restore Europe’s royal families to the thrones they held before Napoleon’s conquests (legitimacy)

24. 2 - Europe Faces Revolutions

24. 2 Europe Faces Revolutions Liberal and nationalist uprisings challenge the old conservative order of Europe

Clash of Philosophies • Three Philosophies: In the early 1800 s, three schools of political thought conflict in Europe • Conservative—landowners and nobles want traditional monarchies • Liberal— wealthy merchants and business owners want limited democracy • Radical—believe in liberty and equality. They want everyone to have a vote.

Review: • In early 19 th century Europe, what political goals did LIBERALS have? • Liberals: • Mostly middle-class business leaders & merchants • They wanted to give more power to elected parliaments, but only the educated & landowners would vote.

Nationalism Develops • Nationalism and Nation-States • • Nationalism—loyalty to a nation of people with common culture and history Nation-State—nation with its own independent government In 1815 Europe, only France, England Spain are nation-states Liberals and radicals support nationalism, but conservatives do not.

Review: • Nationalism was a force that: • Tore apart centuries-old empires • Gave rise to the nation-state • Was opposed by conservatives

Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power • Greeks (1 st to win self-rule) Gain Independence • Greece was part of Ottoman Empire • Balkans—region of Europe controlled by the Ottomans in early 1800 s. • Greece gets European help to gain independence from the Turks.

Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power • 1830 s Uprisings Crushed • Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals and nationalists launch revolts. • By the mid-1830 s, conservatives are back in control

Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power • 1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite • Ethnic uprisings in Europe, especially in the Austrian empire. • After an unruly mob in Vienna clashed with police, Metternich resigned and liberal uprising broke out throughout the Austrian empire. • Liberals hold power for short time, but lose to conservatives by 1849

Review: • The uprisings in 1848 resulted in the resignation of Metternich.

Radicals Change France • Conservative Defeat • In 1830, France’s Charles X fails to restore absolute monarchy • The Third Republic • In 1848, a Paris mob overthrows the monarchy and sets up a republic • Radicals split by infighting; moderates control the new government • 1848 constitution calls for elected president and parliament

Radicals Change France • France Accepts a Strong Ruler • Louis-Napoleon—Napoleon Bonaparte’s nephew—is elected president • Louis-Napoleon later takes the title emperor. • He promotes industrialization, built RRs, program of public works • Unemployment decreased

Reform in Russia • Serfdom in Russia • Czars fail to free the serfs because they fear losing the support of landowners/nobles.

Reform in Russia • Defeat Brings Change • Russia’s lack of industrialization leads to military defeat in the Crimean War. • Alexander II—czar who determines to make social and economic changes Alexander II was also called “Alexander the Liberator. ” In Finland he is known as “the Good Czar. ” Why?

Photos and Portraits of Alexander II

Reform in Russia • Reform and Reaction • In 1861, Alexander II frees the serfs, but debt keeps them on the same land. • Reform halts when Alexander is assassinated by terrorists in 1881. • Driven by nationalism, Alexander III encourages industrialization. The Church of the Savior on Blood commemorates the place where Alexander II was assassinated.

24. 3 - Nationalism- Italy & Germany

24. 3 Nationalism contributes to the formation of two new nations and a new political order in Europe

Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity • Two Views of Nationalism • Nationalists use their common bonds to build nation-states • Rulers eventually use nationalism to unify their subjects • Three different types of nationalist movements: • unification merges culturally similar lands • separation splits off culturally distinct groups • state-building binds separate cultures into one

Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires • The Breakup of the Austrian Empire • Austria includes people from many ethnic groups • 1866 defeat in Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War) and Hungarian nationalism forces emperor to split the empire into Austria and Hungary • still ruled by emperor Flag of Austria-Hungary representing two kingdoms, but ruled by one emperor. This was a concession to Hungarian nationalism.

Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires • The Russia Empire Crumbles • After 370 years, Russian czars begin losing control over their empire • Russification—forcing other peoples to adopt Russian culture • policy further disunites Russia, strengthens ethnic nationalism

Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires • The Ottoman Empire Weakens • Internal tensions among ethnic groups weakens the empire. • Rulers grant citizenship to all groups, outraging Turks.

Case Study: Italy • Cavour Unites Italy • Italy forms territory from crumbling empires • 1815 -1848 Italians want independence from foreign rulers

Case Study: Italy • Cavour Leads Italian Unification • Italian nationalists looked for leadership from the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, the largest & most powerful of the Italian states • Sardinia had adopted a liberal constitution in 1848, so to the liberal Italian middle classes, unification under Piedmont Sardinia seemed like a good plan • Count Camillo di Cavour—named as prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1852 by Sardinia’s King Victor Emmanuel II • Gets French help to win control of Austrian-controlled Italian land • Expanded Piedmont-Sardinia’s power • Unified Italy

Case Study: Italy • Garibaldi Brings Unity • Giuseppe Garibaldi—leads nationalists who conquer southern Italy • Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Italy with Sardinia • Garibaldi steps aside, allowing the king of Sardinia to rule • Control of Venetia and Papal States finally unites Italy

Review: During the 1860 s, Count Camillo di Cavour expanded Piedmont-Sardinia’s power & unified Italy.

Case Study: Germany • Bismarck Unites Germany • Beginning in 1815, thirty-nine German states form the German Confederation • Prussia Leads German Unification • Prussia has advantages that help it to unify Germany • mainly German population • powerful army • creation of liberal constitution

Case Study: Germany • Bismarck Takes Control • Junkers—conservative wealthy landowners—support Prussian Wilhelm I • Junker realpolitik master Otto von Bismarck becomes prime minister • Realpolitik—power politics without room for idealism • Bismarck defies Prussian parliament

Case Study: Germany • Prussia Expands • 1864 Bismarck took the 1 st step toward molding an empire… • Prussia and Austria formed an alliance & went to war against Denmark to win 2 border provinces: Schleswig & Holstein • Quick victory • increased national pride among Prussians • makes other German nations respect Prussia • Lent support for Prussia as head of unified Germany • After victory: • Prussia governed Schleswig • Austria controlled Holstein

Review: • In the 1860 s, the expansion of the state of Prussia was achieved under the leadership of: Otto Von Bismarck

Case Study: Germany • Seven Weeks War • Bismarck creates a border dispute with Austria to provoke a war • Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern Germany • Eastern and western parts of Prussian kingdom are joined for the first time.

Case Study: Germany • The Franco-Prussian War • Bismarck provokes war with France to unite all Germans • Wilhelm is crowned Kaiser—emperor of a united Germany—at Versailles • Bismarck creates a Germany united under Prussian dominance.

To some Germans, Bismarck was the greatest and noblest of Germany’s statesmen. They say he almost singlehandedly unified the nation and raised it to greatness. To others, he was nothing but a devious politician who abused his powers and led Germany into dictatorship. His speeches, letters, and memoirs show him to be both crafty and deeply religious. At one moment, he could declare, “It is the destiny of the weak to be devoured by the strong. ” At another moment he might claim, “We Germans shall never wage aggressive war, ambitious war, a war of conquest. ”

A Shift in Power • Balance Is Lost • In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five powers in Europe: • • • Austria Prussia Britain France Russia • By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) have gained much power • Austria and Russia are weaker militarily and economically

24. 4 - Revolutions in the Arts

24. 4 Revolutions in the Arts Artistic and Intellectual movements both reflect and fuel changes in Europe during the 1800’s

Romantic Movement • The Ideas of Romanticism • Romanticism – Interest in nature, preferring emotion, individuality • Romanticism linked to folk traditions and nationalism. • Romanticism rejects the Enlightenment ideas that elevate reason as the ultimate reality, and validated emotion as an authentic experience of reality. Emotions of trepidation, horror, terror, and awe gain a new emphasis.

Romantic Movement • Romanticism in Literature • Poetry, music, and painting are the arts best suited to romanticism • Many British romantic poets believe nature is the source of beauty

British Romantic Poets • William Wordsworth Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other Poems • Lord Byron Don Juan • Percy Bysshe Shelley Prometheus Unbound (play) "Hymn to Intellectual Beauty" • John Keats "Ode on a Grecian Urn" • Samuel Taylor Coleridge (not pictured) "Kubla Khan; or, A Vision in a Dream: A Fragment"

German writers • Germany’s Johann Wolfgang von Goethe is a great early romanticist. • 28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832 • He wrote the play Faust about a doctor who sells his soul to the devil to get whatever he wants.

German Writers • Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm, known as “The Brothers Grimm” popularized stories like: • Rumpelstiltskin • Snow White • Rapunzel • Cinderella • Hansel and Gretel • The Frog Prince

French Romantics • Victor Hugo • Les Miserables • The Hunchback of Notre Dame

The Gothic Novel • Gothic horror novels taking place in medieval castles become popular • The Castle of Otranto (1764) by Horace Walpole is considered the first gothic novel. • Walpole built his English villa Strawberry Hill in the Gothic Revival style much like a medieval castle. • Mary Shelley- wife of the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, wrote one of the earliest & most successful Gothic horror novels – Frankenstein • Frankenstein- told story of a monster created from the body parts of dead human beings

Examples of Gothic Fiction • The “penny dreadful” serialized novels such as The String of Pearls: A Romance (1846 -47) which debuts the character Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street. “Penny dreadfuls” were the precursors to pulp fiction and the modern comic book. • Another popular penny dreadful was Varney the Vampire or The Feast of Blood anonymously written for publication (1845 -47).

Examples of Gothic Fiction • Stories by Edgar Allen Poe • “The Fall of the House of Usher” • “The Pit and the Pendulum” • “The Tell Tale Heart”

Examples of Gothic Fiction • The most well known gothic novel is Frankenstein by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley.

Review: • Mary Shelley wrote an early Gothic horror story about a monster created form corpses.

Composers Emphasize Emotion • Composers abandon Enlightenment style of music • Ludwig van Beethoven • leads the way from classical music of the Enlightenment to romanticism • 9 th Symphony- celebrates freedom, dignity, and triumph of human spirit • Some composers draw on literature or cultural themes

Ludwig van Beethoven • baptized 17 Dec. 1770 – 26 March 1827 • He was a crucial figure in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western classical music, and remains one of the most acclaimed and influential composers of all time. • Around 1796, Beethoven began to lose his hearing. • Beethoven's hearing loss did not prevent his composing music, but it made playing at concerts— lucrative sources of income—increasingly difficult.

Review: • One of the 1 st European composers to experiment with romanticism in music was Ludwig Van Beethoven

Franz Liszt • October 22, 1811 – July 31, 1886 • Was a Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist and teacher. • Liszt became renowned throughout Europe during the 19 th century for his great skill as a performer. • He was said by his contemporaries to have been the most technically advanced pianist of his age and perhaps the greatest pianist of all time.

Robert Schumann • 8 June 1810 – 29 July 1856 • German composer, aesthete and influential music critic. He is one of the most famous and important Romantic composers of the 19 th century.

Felix Mendelssohn • February 3, 1809 – November 4, 1847 • German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period. • He was born into a notable Jewish family, although he himself was brought up initially without religion, and later as a Lutheran Christian. He was recognized early as a musical prodigy

Frederic Chopin • 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849 • Was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist. He is considered one of the great masters of Romantic music. • The great majority of Chopin's compositions were written for the piano as solo instrument.

Hector Berlioz • December 11, 1803 – March 8, 1869 • French Romantic composer, best known for his compositions Symphonie fantastique and Grande messe des morts (Requiem). • Berlioz made significant contributions to the modern orchestra with his Treatise on Instrumentation. He specified huge orchestral forces for some of his works; as a conductor, he performed several concerts with more than 1, 000 musicians.

Guiseppe Verdi • October 9 or 10, 1813 – January 27, 1901 • an Italian Romantic composer, mainly of opera. He was one of the most influential composers of the 19 th century. • One of his most well known tunes is "La donna è mobile" ("Woman is fickle") from the opera Rigoletto

Richard Wagner • 22 May 1813 – 13 February 1883 • German composer, conductor, theatre director and essayist, primarily known for his operas. • Unlike most other opera composers, Wagner wrote both the music and libretto for every one of his works. • Wagner’s music is controversial because Wagner himself was antisemitic in his essays. The Nazis appropriated much of Wagner’s writings and music for their own ends.

The Shift to Realism in the Arts • Realism – art style attempting to depict life accurately • Paintings and novels in this style show the working class

Photographers Capture Reality • Daguerreotypes, early photographs, are surprisingly real • They are named after their French inventor, Louis Daguerre

Daguerreotype photos The solar eclipse of July 28, 1851 was the first correctly exposed photograph of a solar eclipse, using the daguerreotype process. The best-known image of Edgar Allan Poe was a daguerreotype taken in 1848 by W. S. Hartshorn, shortly before Poe's death. The first authenticated image of Abraham Lincoln was this daguerreotype of him as U. S. Congressman-elect in 1846, attributed to Nicholas H. Shepard of Springfield, Ill.

Photographers Capture Reality • William Talbot invents negative, allows copies of photograph

Writers Study Society • Charles Dickens and Honore de Balzac write about society and class. • Some realist literature sparks reforms in working conditions.

Honoré de Balzac • French author who wrote a 100 novel series titled La Comédie humaine, “The Human Comedy, ” about life in France after the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Émile Zola • French author who wrote a series of realistic novels describing the conditions of French life in his time. • One series of his novels was a 21 novel series titled Les Rougon-Macquart about a family between 1852 and 1870. • One of his most famous books, Germinal, was in this series and is considered a classic in French literature.

Charles Dickens • Dickens was in favor of liberal reforms in British society, and used his realistic descriptions of the plight of the poor to promote such reform. • His serialized works were popular in the United States as well. • Works include: • • A Christmas Carol Oliver Twist Nicholas Nickleby Little Dorrit Hard Times A Tale of Two Cities David Copperfield Bleak House

Impressionists React Against Realism • A New Movement Impressionism – art style that tries to capture precise moments in time

Life in the Moment • Impressionists like Claude Monet portray life of rising middle class • Edgar Degas and Pierre-Auguste Renoir also leading impressionists

Claude Monet • 14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926 • Founder of French impressionist painting, and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions before nature, especially as applied to plein-air landscape painting. The term Impressionism is derived from the title of his painting Impression, Sunrise

Impression, Sunrise

The Lunch on the Grass

The Woman in the Green Dress

Garden at Sainte-Adresse

Edgar Degas • 19 July 1834 – 27 September 1917 • French artist famous for his work in painting, sculpture, printmaking and drawing. • He is regarded as one of the founders of Impressionism although he rejected the term, and preferred to be called a realist.

The Dance Class

The Absinthe Drinker or Glass of Absinthe

At the Races

Pierre-Auguste Renoir • February 25, 1841 – December 3, 1919 • Leading painter in the development of the Impressionist style.

The Theater Box

The Swing

On the Terrace and Dance in the City

The Bohemian

• Impressionist composers use music to create mental pictures Maurice Ravel Claude Debussy