Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West Ch 24 1789

Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West Ch 24 1789 -1900

Latin America n Society 1. Peninsulares (people born in Spain) 2. Creoles (people born in Latin America of Spanish descent they couldn’t hold public office) 3. Mestizos (mixed Spanish + Indian) 4. Mulattos (mixed Spanish + African) 5. Africans 6. Indians

n Revolutions in Latin America are influenced by: n n American Rev. French Rev. The Enlightenment Most people in Latin America resent colonial control

n Haiti’s Revolution n n n French colony known as St. Domingue 1791, 100, 000 slaves revolted led by Toussaint L’Ouverture By 1801, he had control of the entire island + had freed the slaves 1802, French troops arrive + Toussaint agreed to halt revolution if French would end slavery n He’s sent to the French Alps where he later dies 1804, Toussaint’s lieutenant Jean. Jacques Dessalines declares the colony to be an independent country –became Haiti 1 st black colony to free itself from European control

n Gran Colombia n n n Creoles lead indep. movement n Go to Europe to get educated, come back + spread Enlightenment ideas When Napoleon removed Spain’s king + put his brother on the throne, Spain lost the loyalty of many Creoles 2 brilliant Creole Generals lead rev. in South America 1. Simon Bolivar –“Libertador” “George Washington of Latin America” n Helped free Colombia + Venezuela 2. Jose de San Martin n Helped Chile gain its indep.

Bolivar + San Martin meet + combined armies under Bolivar n 1824, Bolivar defeats Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho n Now Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, + Ecuador were united into a country called Gran Colombia n Bolivar envisioned this as a United States of South America n

n Mexico n n n Indians + Mestizos lead indep. movement 1810, a priest named Miguel Hidalgo spoke to the peasants gathered in his church + issued a call for rebellion against the Spanish n “The Cry of Dolores” The next day an army marched towards Mexico City n Soon numbered 80, 000 men Army defeated by Spanish + Creoles Rebels then unite under a priest named Jose Maria Morelos who leads for 4 yrs before being defeated in 1815 by Creole Agustin de Iturbide

n n n But in 1820, a revolution in Spain puts a more liberal gov. ’t in power. Creoles in Mexico get worried about a possible loss of privileges, so they unite against Spain. Led by the same Agustin de Iturbide who years earlier, crushed a rebellion for indep. n He declares himself Mexico’s emperor in 1821 (lasts for 2 yrs) Countries in Central America declare their indep. from Mexico

n Brazil n n n 1807, Napoleon’s army invaded Portugal Portuguese Prince John + royal family flee to Brazil (Portugal’s largest colony) + rule from there for 14 yrs When Napoleon is defeated King John returns to Portugal but son Dom Pedro stays in Brazil was supposed to return to colony status, but Brazilians sign a petition asking Dom Pedro to rule + he agreed. 1822, he officially declared indep. after considerably less fighting than what occurred in the Spanish colonies End Section 1

24. 2

Meanwhile, in Europe… n 3 Schools of Political Thought 1. Conservatives: n Usually wealthy property owners + nobility n Favored traditional monarchies 2. Liberals: n Mostly middle-class business leaders + merchants n Wanted more power for elected parliaments, but only the educated + the landowners could vote 3. Radicals: n Favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people

n Nationalism Emerges n n n Nationalism: belief that people’s loyalty should not be to a king or empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture + history Rise of nationalism is linked w/ spread of democratic ideas + growth of educated middle class n They want to decide how they are governed Rise of nation-states - country w/ independent gov. ’t + common culture + identity (fancy way of saying country)

Results of n n Positive Overthrow of Colonial rule Many democratic gov. ’ts form People w/in a nation overcoming their differences for the common good Competition among nations scientific + technological advances Nationalism n n Negative Forced assimilation of minority cultures into the nation’s majority culture Ethnic cleansings Extreme nationalist movements n (ex. Nazis) Competition between nations leading to war

n Nationalist Movements in Europe n n n Greeks 1 st Controlled by Ottoman Empire Kept alive memory of their ancient history + culture Rebelled against Ottomans in 1821 Supported around the world despite European gov. ’ts opposition to rebellions § Christian Orthodox connection to Russians § Educated Europeans + Americans respected ancient Greek culture § Gain indep. in 1830 § Supported by British, French, + Russian militaries

n n n Many failed nationalist rebellions throughout Europe (Italians, Poles, Czechs, etc…) France goes back + forth between a strong monarchy + republic n 1848, Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon’s nephew) wins presidential election. 4 yrs later took title of Emperor Napoleon III. France prospers + modernizes due to his good policies. Russian Czar Alexander II frees serfs in 1861. Later assassinated. End Section 2

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Nationalism: 3 types Type Characteristics Unification Mergers of Examples 19 th Century politically divided Germany but culturally -19 th Century similar lands Italy Separation Culturally distinct -Greeks in the group resists Ottoman Empire being added to a - French-speaking state or tries to Canadians break away State. Building - Culturally distinct -The United groups form into a States new state by -Turkey accepting a single

n Break-ups n n Italy n n Nationalism – breaks apart Austrian, Russian, + Ottoman Empires Forms from crumbling empires Sardinia is the largest + most powerful Italian state n Has a liberal constitution n Unites other Italian states through wars (1858 -1870)

n Germany n n n Starting in 1815, part of Confederation of 39 German states dominated by Austria n (established at Congress of Vienna) Prussia, led by King Wilhelm I appoints Otto von Bismarck prime minister Bismarck was a master at realpolitik – “the politics of reality” power politics w/ no idealism n He declares (w/ king’s approval) that he would rule w/o consent of parliament + w/o a legal budget n Violates their constitution

n Prussia would unite various German states through wars stirred up by Bismarck to gain territory n During Franco-Prussian War (1867) Prussia fights w/ France n Capture Napoleon III n Final stage of German unification n King Wilhelm I of Prussia crowned Kaiser (German emperor) n “ 2 nd Reich” (Holy Roman Empire was 1 st + Nazis would proclaim theirs the 3 rd) End Section 3

24. 4

Revolutions in the Arts n Romanticism (End of the 1700 s) n n n Movement reflecting deep interest in nature and the thoughts + feelings of individuals Reaction against Enlightenment (going away from reason to focus on emotion) Romantics rejected the rigidly ordered world of the middle class Inspired by nationalism Poetry was the highest form of expression Ex: Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables Grimm Brothers’ fairy tales

n Ideas of Romanticism 1. Emphasized feelings + imagination 2. Focused on the mysterious, supernatural, exotic, grotesque 3. Loved beauty of untamed nature 4. Idealized the past as a simpler + nobler time 5. Glorified heroes 6. Valued common people + the individual 7. Promoted radical change + democracy

n Realism (1850 s) n n n Charles Dickens Movement in which artists + writers tried to show life as it was, not as they thought it should be Started due to rapid industrialization – made dreams of romantics seem pointless Reflected the political importance of the working class 1 st camera invented – showed grim reality Ex. Works of Charles Dickens + French author Honore de Balzac wrote a series of almost 100 novels describing in detail the brutal struggle for wealth + power, exposed miseries of workers, + led to reforms in labor laws

n Impressionism (1860 s) n n Movement in painting + music in which artists tried to convey their impressions of subjects or moments in time Reaction against realism Showed a more positive view of the new urban society in western Europe Ex. Instead of showing abused workers, they’d show workers enjoying themselves in cafes or dancing Ex. Claude Monet End Section 4