Nationalism and Political Revolutions A Quick Recap French

Nationalism and Political Revolutions

A Quick Recap �French Revolution had failed to keep republic �Metternich (Austrian prime minister) pushes for conservatism �Congress of Vienna meets to balance European power �Conservative monarchs put back in power

Nationalism and Liberalism � Revolutionary ideas spread to other European nations � Countries affected: � German states � Prussia � Italy � Poland � Belgium � France Remember the Differences: � Nationalism � National independence or unification main motivation � Liberalism � Desired reforms within the state (not to break away)

Liberal Revolts � Sought more voting rights and better working conditions � Argument for universal male suffrage (UMS) �More successful in France and Britain � After a 2 nd revolution, France parliament elected by UMS � Britain gives right to vote to middle class

Revolutions Recap Revolutions of the 1830 s �France establishes a new limited monarchy �Belgium gains independence from Dutch Republic Revolutions of 1848 �Failed German unification �Failed revolution attempts against Austria

Revolt in German States �German Confederation (38 German states) �Austria and Prussia biggest �Denmark and France also control some territories �Frankfurt Assembly formed to draft new liberal constitution �Wanted a unified German state �Did not gain support from Frederick William IV of Prussia

Rise of Prussia � Has become a powerful European state by 1860 s � Known for its militarism (reliance on military strength) � Army attempts to increase size; legislature refuses to provide funding � New leader of Prussia: Wilhelm I

Otto von Bismarck � Prussian chancellor (advises the king) � Practiced “realpolitik” � Politics based off of reality, not ethics � Unify German through any means � Raised powerful military � Done without approval of legislature

Strongest Power in Europe �Successfully defeats Denmark and Austria � Wanted Alsace-Lorraine (owned by France) �Franco-Prussian War (1870�William I becomes Kaiser 71) � France loses key providences � “Caesar” of Second German Empire

Independence in Mexico � Spanish control weakening in September 16 Mexican Independence Day Latin America � Revolt led by Miguel Hidalgo in Mexico � Revolution crushed and Hidalgo executed � Inspired other attempts � Peninsulares and Creoles overthrew Spanish rule � Independence declared in 1821 � Monarchy--->Republic in 1823 Augustin de Iturbide 1822 -1823

Nationalism in the U. S. �Conflicts over states rights and slavery lead to conflict between North and South �Civil War (1861 -1865) � ~800, 000 casualties � South failed to secure independence �North � Industrialized � Abolitionist (wanted slavery to end) �South � Agrarian � Feared laws that would end slavery