Nationalism and Imperialism Nationalism and Imperialism Main Idea

Nationalism and Imperialism

Nationalism and Imperialism • Main Idea: Nationalism in 1800 s sparked revolution and new countries are created while monarchies fall, changing maps and power in Europe. • Key Terms: Triple Alliance, Otto von Bismark, Kaiser Wilhelm I, Ottoman Empire, Balkans, Crimean War, Czar, Bloody Sunday

Nationalism-devotion to one’s nation or national group. • Culture-Shared beliefs and a way of life creating a common bond. • History-A shared past connecting people as a group. • Religion-A common religion helps unite people. • Language-A common language is a key element of nationalism. • Territory-A shared land gives people a sense of unity.

Italy

Nationalism: Italian Unification • Italy-Separate states after fall of Rome. Reunited (mostly) under Napoleon, and then separated again. Rise of nationalism during this time. • Congress of Vienna separate states without concern for national/ethnic borders(Ex: Austria. Hungary included Croats, Czechs, Germans, Hungarians, Italians, Poles, Serbs, Slovaks, and Slovenes). Italians, and other, grew in opposition of these artificial borders.

Nationalism: Italian Unification • Leaders such as Giuseppe Mazzini, Camillo di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi (Red Shirts) broke down Austrian forces in Italy piece by piece. • During a war between Austria and Prussia, and the Franco-Prussian war, the Italians were able to conquer all of Italy, and voted for total unification in 1870. • Early days of unification were plagued with violence and poverty. As a result many Italian migrated to other countries. Government reformed voting and labor rights, and widespread industrialization brought Italy into the 20 th century. • In 1882, Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Germany formed a military alliance called the Triple Alliance which would lead most of Europe into WWI.

Nationalism: German Unification

Nationalism: German Unification • Napoleon united Germany under the name the German Confederation. After the Congress of Vienna the 39 separate states kept the name, but were not unified as one. Much like Italy, the German states had a common language and culture. • Revolution of 1848 spreads to Germany as Wilhelm IV (Wilhelm I) limited free speech and other democratic reforms. • Broken promises, the Zollverein (union), and the emergence of Prussian military leader Otto von Bismark brings Germany to unification by conquering French, Austrian and southern German lands. • Bismark was later named chancellor and the Prussian King, Wilhelm IV, was named Kaiser(Emperor) Wilhelm I. The balance of power in Europe shifted as the German Empire flourished. • The German Empire created alliances with Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

Nationalism: Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empires • Secret police, censorship, conservative alliances, and laws promoting absolutism were not enough to keep the Hapsburgs in power. • Emperor Franz Ferdinand abdicated, and his nephew Franz Joseph I took the throne. Under FJ, an unstable dual monarchy formed in 1867 to appease the Hungarian population, which lasted until the end of WWI.

Nationalism: Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empires • The Ottoman Empire contained many different ethnic and religious groups (Greeks, Bulgarians, Turks, Kurds, Arabs, Jews), and was not able to sustain liberal change occurring in Europe. • European powers were concerned about the fall of the Ottoman Empire, and the control of Constantinople. • Wars are fought in the Balkans from ethnic tensions, resulting from Austrian control of the region, and the Crimean War is fought over alliances, control over the capital city of Constantinople, and the Holy Land.

Nationalism: Unrest in Russia

Nationalism: Unrest in Russia • Russian Empire enormous and incredibly diverse. Czars ruled through autocratic government. Not industrialized and serfdom exists into 20 th century. • Decembrist revolution, failed reforms, loss in war, and an assassinated czar were all blows to the strength of Russia. Many Jewish people were blamed, and killed, without punishment. • Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railroad led to conflict with Japan. Another defeat brought about the need for change, opening the door for Marxists Vladimir Lenin to stage a revolution. • The Russian Revolution begins with Bloody Sunday. Thousands marched upon the Winter Place in St. Petersburg to meet the czar. Hundreds were shot and killed. A widespread uprising followed. • Demands were met when the czar implemented the October Manifesto and the Duma, but more changes would soon occur.

Imperialism • Main Idea: From 1800 -1920 European powers ruled over much of Africa and Asia. The United States influenced Latin American countries. • Key Terms and People: Colony, protectorate, sphere of influence, British East India Company, Sepoy mutiny, Raj, Opium Wars, Treaty of Nanjing, Taiping Rebellion, Boxer Rebellion, Meiji, Social Darwinism, Suez Canal, Berlin Conference, Mexican Revolution, Spanish-American War, Panama Canal, Monroe Doctrine, “Pancho” Villa, Emiliano Zapata

Imperialism-the process of one people ruling, and controlling, another.

Imperialism • Africa and Asia last areas to be colonized. Due to weakened empires and technological advances, Europeans settled further inland in these areas. • Types of Imperialism: Colony-territory governed by foreign power. Protectorate-territory that has its own government, but is controlled by a foreign power. Sphere of Influence-territory in which a country claims exclusive political or economic rights.

Imperialism: British in India

Imperialism: British in India • Mughal Empire in India in decline, and allowed themselves to be manipulated by British, keeping chaos, allowing British order and customs. • India colonized the by British East India Companycontrolled trade between GB, East Asia, and India. • Sepoy Mutiny-British suppressing both Hindu and Muslim culture in India. Sepoys were soldier in British army. Ammunition for rifles covered in beef(Hindu) and pork(Muslim) grease. Sepoys rebelled and refused to use the rifles which lead to fighting for two years.

Imperialism: British in India

Imperialism: British in India • India was GB most important colony but was a humiliation for Indians leading to sense of nationalism. • Raj-British rule in India left educated Indians without a voice in their own government. British thought they were superior and lived exclusive lives. Believed they were bettering Indian people. Built roads, railroads, and canals for moving troops and goods. British exploited local resources and people, setting up the country as a center for exports. • Nationalism movement took several decades to gain steam. Organizations like the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress as well as people like Mahatma Ghandi pushed for Indian independence.

Imperialism: East Asia and the West

Imperialism: East Asia and the West • Chinese believed foreigners were barbaric and restricted trade. • Opium Wars- China did not need GB (silver), but GB needed them (tea) creating an imbalance of trade. British discovered the power of opium and smuggled it into China. 1 in 10 Chinese addicted to opium. Chinese government destroyed opium storage. British captured Shanghai (important port) and forced Chinese to sign Treat of Nanjing (opened up trade and allowed westerners to live lawlessly). Qing Dynasty slowly loses control over China and presence of foreigners increased.

Imperialism: East Asia and the West

Imperialism: East Asia and the West • Taiping Rebellion: Peasant rebellion led by a man (Hong Xiuquan) who thought he was the brother of Jesus. Result of declining imperial power. Captured large parts of China by eventually defeated by foreign powers. 20 million Chinese died. • Boxer Rebellion-By the late 1800 s China was weakened by war and spheres of European influence. An secret society called The Righteous and Harmonious Fists began a Chinese nationalists movement by training their members in martial arts and teaching hatred of foreigners and pride in Chinese culture. This ended in disaster again for China. • In 1911 a peoples revolution began that called for both democratic and social reforms for China. By 1912 revolutionaries proclaimed a republic, and was the end of imperial China.

Imperialism: East Asia and the West

Imperialism: East Asia and the West • Unlike China, Japan (Tokogawa) took step to industrialize, modernize, and create trade relationships with western countries (by force) under Meiji rule. Japan also established itself as a highly organized, and militaristic state (shoguns). • Under Meiji (Mutsuhito) rule Japan reformed its government, industrialized and modernized, and expanded its territory making Japan one of the world’s industrial leaders and the most powerful state in Asia moving into the 20 th century.

Imperialism: East Asia and the West

Imperialism: East Asia and the West • Desired for spice trade and controlled by Dutch East India Company. Lands are established for sugar cane, coffee, tea, and rubber production. • The British and the French established large plantations, industrialized, and educated locals largely for the benefit of colonial rule.

Imperialism: Scramble for Africa

Imperialism: The Scramble for Africa • The colonization of Africa in the 1800 s was different than colonialism in 1400 s and 1500 s. Settlement was not a goal, but rather extracting resources for profit being the main purpose. European countries used Africa and Asia to gain global power and influence. • Much like Asia, individual companies established themselves in Africa with the backing of their government. • Europeans saw themselves superior to Africans and Asians, believing they were teaching Africans good government and Christian values, and was even called the “white man’s burden”. Europeans also used Social Darwinism to justify their presence in Africa.

Imperialism: The Scramble for Africa

Imperialism: The Scramble for Africa • The development of quinine, machine guns, railroads, and steamships allowed Europeans to conquer Africa. • The Suez Canal (1869) in Egypt, becomes controlled by the British, and shortens the route of travel. • Berlin Conference-In order to prevent conflict, European powers met in 1884 -1885 to divide Africa with no regard for tribal borders. • Boer Wars-Dutch were in South Africa since 1600 s. When gold was discovered the British arrived and claimed the territory. The British outmanned the Dutch and absorbed their territory. • Belgian Congo-Ruled by Leopold II, natives were forced to work on rubber plantations until revolting in 1908 when the Belgian government took over.

Imperialism: Latin America

Imperialism: Latin America • Mexico-Although Mexico attained independence in 1821, the country had power struggles well into the 20 th century. Benito Juarez became the leader of the reform movement, making the U. S. and ally. His successor Porfirio Diaz, began to modernize Mexico under his militaristic rule, but over half of the Mexican people lived in debt. Revolutionary leaders like “Pancho” Villa and Emiliano Zapata who supported equal rights for peasants, forced Diaz and other corrupt leaders, out of office. • Cuba-Nationalist movements began in 1860 s. Yellow journalism brought the U. S. to the aide of Cuba. In 1898 a U. S. ship exploded in Cuban waters, and the U. S. declared war on Spain. In a treaty with Spain, the U. S. received Puerto Rice, Guam, and the Philippines.

Imperialism: Latin America

Imperialism: Latin America • Philippines- The U. S. made the Philippines a colony, not receiving full independence until 1946. over 200, 000 Filipinos died in the fighting against the U. S. • Panama Canal-U. S. purchased the territory in 1903 under the guard Teddy Roosevelt and warships. Panama was declared independent and signed a treaty giving the U. S. the strip of land that the canal sits on. Built from 1904 -1914 the Panama Canal shortened trips from NY to San Francisco by 8, 000 miles.