Myers PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 17 Therapy Therapy z Psychotherapy

Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 17 Therapy

Therapy z. Psychotherapy yan emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties z. Eclectic Approach yan approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy y Mods 688

Therapy. Psychoanalysis z. Psychoanalysis y. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences – and therapist’s interpretations of them – released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight yuse has rapidly decreased in recent years z. Resistance yblocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material Mods 688 -689

Therapy. Psychoanalysis z. Interpretation ythe analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight z. Transference ythe patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships xe. g. love or hatred for a parent x Mods 689

Humanistic Therapy z. Client-Centered Therapy yhumanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers ytherapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth z. Active Listening yempathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies Mods 691 - 692

Behavior Therapy z. Behavior Therapy ytherapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors z. Counterconditioning yprocedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors ybased on classical conditioning yincludes systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning Mods 693

Behavior Therapy z. Systematic Desensitization ytype of counterconditioning yassociates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli ycommonly used to treat phobias z. Aversive Conditioning ytype of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior ynausea ---> alcohol Mods 694 - 695

Behavior Therapy z. Systematic Desensitization Mods 694

Behavior Therapy UCS (drug) z. Aversion therapy for alcoholics UCR (nausea) CS (alcohol) UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (alcohol) CR (nausea)

Behavior Therapy z. Token Economy yan operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior ypatient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats Mods 696

Cognitive Therapy z. Cognitive Therapy yteaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting ybased on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions Mods 697

Cognitive Therapy z. The Cognitive Revolution

Cognitive Therapy Lost job Internal beliefs: I’m worthless. It’s hopeless. Depression Lost job Internal beliefs: My boss is a jerk. I deserve something better. z. A cognitive perspective on psychological disorders z Mods 697 No depression

Cognitive Therapy Depression scores 30 25 z. Cognitive therapy for depression Waiting list patients 20 15 10 Mods 698 Cognitive training patients much less depressed 5 0 Pre-therapy test Post-therapy test

Cognitive Therapy z. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy ya popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) Mods 699

Group Therapies z. Family Therapy ytreats the family as a system yviews an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members yattempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication Mods 699

Who Does Therapy? z. To whom do people turn for help for psychological difficulties?

Does Therapy Work? z. Meta-analysis yprocedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies Number of persons Average untreated person Poor outcome 80% of untreated people have poorer outcomes than average treated person Average psychotherapy client Good outcome Mods 705

Who Does Therapy? z. Clinical psychologists y. Most are psychologists with a Ph. D. and expertise in research, assessment, and therapy, supplemented by a supervised internship. y. About half work in agencies and institutions, half in private practice. Mods 710

Who Does Therapy? z. Clinical or Psychiatric social worker y. A two-year Master of Social Work graduate program plus postgraduate supervision prepares some social workers to offer psychotherapy, mostly to people with everyday personal and family problems. y. About half have earned the National Association of Social Workers’ designation of clinical social worker. Mods 710

Who Does Therapy? z. Counselors y. Marriage and family counselors specialize in problems arising from family relations. y. Pastoral counselors provide counseling to countless people. y. Abuse counselors work with substance abusers and with spouse and child abusers and their victims. Mods 710

Who Does Therapy? z. Psychiatrists y. Physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders. y. Not all psychiatrists have had extensive training in psychotherapy, but as M. D. s they can prescribe medications. Thus, they tend to see those with the most serious problems. y. Many have a private practice. Mods 710

Biomedical Therapies z. Psychopharmacology ystudy of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior Mods 715 z. Lithium ychemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders Mods 719

Biomedical Therapies z. The emptying of U. S. mental hospitals State and county mental hospital 700 residents, in 600 Thousands 500 Introduction of antipsychotic drugs Rapid decline in the mental hospital population 400 300 200 100 Mods 715 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Year

Biomedical Therapies Mods 717

Biomedical Therapies z. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) ytherapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient Mods 719 z. Psychosurgery ysurgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior Mods 721 ylobotomy xnow-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients Mods 722

Biomedical Therapies z. Electroconvulsive Therapy Mods 720