PSYCHOTHERAPY What is psychotherapy Refers to any psychological

PSYCHOTHERAPY

What is psychotherapy? • Refers to any psychological technique that can bring about positive changes in personality, behavior, or adjustment.

LIST SOME OF THE ELEMENTS OF POSITIVE MENTAL HEALTH THAT THERAPIST SEEK TORESTORE OR PROMOTE Psychotherapy is not always used to solve problem or end crisis, therapy can promote personal growth for people who are already doing well Personal autonomy and independence A sense of identity Feelings of personal worth Skilled interpersonal communication Sensitivity, nurturance and trust Genuine and honest with self and other Self-control and personal responsibility Committed and loving personal relationships Capacity to forgive others and a purpose in life Personal values and a purpose in life Self-awareness and motivation for personal growth Adaptive coping strategies for managing stresses and crises Fulfillment and satisfaction in work Good habits of physical health

Dimensions of therapy These are the basic aspect of various therapies: 1 -Individual therapy: - A therapy involving only one client and one therapist. 2 - group therapy: - a therapy session in which several clients participate at the same time. 3 - insight therapy: - any psychotherapy whose goals is to lead client to a deeper understanding of their thoughts, emotion, and behavior. 4 - Action therapy: - any therapy designed to bring about direct changes in troublesome thought, habits, feelings, or behavior, without seeking insight into their origins or meaning. 5 - directive therapy: - Any approach in which therapist provides strong guidance. 6 - Non-directive therapy: - A style of therapy in which clients assume responsibility for solving their own problems; therapist assists, but does not guide or give advice. 7 - time-limited therapy: - Any therapy begun with the expectation that it will last only a limited number of sessions. 8 - supportive therapy: - An approach in which therapists goal is to offer

NOTES: - that more than one term may apply to particular therapy

THREE MAJOR SCHOOLS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY PSYCHOANALYSIS BEHAVIOR THERAPY HUMANISTIC THERAPY

PSYCHOANALYSIS

psychoanalysis-expedition into the unconscious • the first true psychotherapy was created around the turn of twentieth century Sigmund Freud. • Freud's patient usually reclined on a couch during therapy, while Freud sat out of sight taking notes and offering interpretation. This procedure was supposed to encourage a free flow of thoughts and images from the unconscious. However, it is the least important element of psychoanalysis and many modern analysts have abandoned it.

Freud's theory stressed that “neurosis” and “hysteria” are caused by repressed memories, motives and conflicts-particularly those stemming from instinctual drives for sex and aggression. Although they are hidden, these factors force people to develop rigid ego-defeating behavior. Thus, the main goal of psychoanalysis is to resolve internal conflicts that lead to emotional suffering.

Freud relied on four basic technique to uncover the unconscious root of neurosis: 1 -free association : -the process of free association involves saying whatever comes to mined. The purpose of free association is to lower defenses so that unconscious material can emerge. 2 -dream analysis: -Freud believed that dreams provide a “royal road to the unconscious” because they freely express forbidden desires and unconscious feeling. 4 -analysis of resistance: -when they are free association or describing dreams, patient may resist discussing or thinking about certain topics. Such resistance are said to reveal particularly important unconscious conflicts. As analysts notice resistance, they bring them to the patient’s awareness so the patient can deal with them realistically. 5 - analysis of transference: - Transference is the tendency for patient to “transfer” feelings to a therapist that are like feelings they have for important persons their lives. At times, the patient may act as if the analyst is a rejecting father, an unloving or overprotective mother, or a former lover. As the patient re-experiences repressed emotions, therapist can help the patient recognize and understanding them.

Psychoanalysis today • Traditional psychoanalysis called for three to five therapy sessions a week, often for many years. Today, most patient are only seen once or twice per week, but treatment may still go on for years. Because of the huge amounts of time and money this requires, psychoanalysts have become relatively rare. • Many therapist have switched to doing brief psychodynamic therapy, which uses direct questioning to reveal unconscious conflicts. Modern therapists also actively provide insight. interestingly, brief therapy seems to accelerate recovery. Patient seem to realize that they need to get to the heart of their problems quickly.

The development of newer, more streamline dynamic therapies is part due to question about the effectiveness of traditional psychoanalysis. One critic. Hans J. Eyesnck suggested that psychoanalysis simply take so long that patient experience a spontaneous remission of symptom ( improvement due to the near message of time).

Humanistic Therapies

Humanistic Therapies-Restoring Human Potential: The goal of traditional psychoanalysis is adjustment. Freud claimed that his patient could expect only to change their “hysterical misery into common unhappiness”. Humanistic therapies are generally more optimistic.

Client-centered therapy • Psychoanalysis delve in to the unconscious. Psychologist Carl Rogers found it more beneficial to explore conscious thoughts and feelings. the psychoanalyst tends to take a position of authority, stating what dreams, thoughts, or memories “mean”. In contrast, Rogers believed that what is right or valuable for therapist may be entirely different for the client. (Roger preferred the term client to patient because “patient” implies a person is “sick” and need to be “cured”) consequently, the client determines what will be discussed during each session. Thus, CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY is non-directive and based on insights from conscious thoughts and feelings. • The therapist’s job is to create a safe “atmosphere of growth”. The therapist provides opportunities for change, but the client must actively seek to solve his or her problems. The therapist cannot “fix” the client.

Behavior therapy

Behavior therapy-healing by learning • Behavior therapy is the use of learning principle to make constructive changes in behavioral approaches include behavior modification, aversion therapy, desensitization, token economies, and other technique • Behavior therapists believe that deep insight into one’s problem is often unnecessary for improvement. Instead, they try to directly alter troublesome thoughts and action

How does behavior therapy work? Behavior therapists assume that people have learned to be the way they are. If they have learned responses that cause problems, then they can change them by relearning more appropriate behavior. Broadly speaking, behavior modification refers to any use of classical or operant condition to directly alter human behavior.

How does classical condition work? classical condition is a form of learning in which simple responses (especially reflexes) are associated with new stimuli. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is followed by an unconditioned stimulus(US) that consistently produces an unlearned reaction, called the response (UR). Eventually, the unconditioned previously neutral stimulus begins to produce this response directly. The response is then called a conditioned response (CR), and the stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus(CS).

Desensitization • Who afraid of a hierarchy? • Hierarchy is a rank-ordered series of higher and lower amounts, levels, degrees, or steps. When a person conquered his or her fear, we can say that desensitization has occurred. • Desnsitization is also based on reciprocal inhibition (using one emotional state to block anther). For instance, it is impossible to be anxious and relaxed at the same time. • Typically, systematic desensitization (a guided reduction in fear, anxiety, or aversion) is attained by gradually approaching a feared stimulus while maintaining relaxation.

What is desensitization used for? Desensitization is primarily used to help people unlearn or counter condition phobias (intense, unrealistic fear) or strong anxieties. for example, each of these people might be a candidate for desensitization: a teacher with stage of fright, student with test anxiety.

Performing desensitization how is desensitization done? • First, the clint and therapist construct a hierarchy. This is a list of fear-provoking situation, arranged from lest disturbing to most frightening. Second, the client is taught exercises that produce deep relaxation. Once the client is relaxed, she or he proceeds to the third step by trying to perform the least disturbing item on the list. • For many phobias, desensitization works best when people are directly exposed to the stimuli they fear. for something like a simple spider phobia, this exposure can even be done in groups.

Operant Therapies-All the World Is Skinner Box? Where dose operant condition fit in? operant condition refers to learning based on the consequences of making a response. The operant principles most often used by behavior therapist to deal with human behavior are: 1 -positive reinforcement: - responses that are followed by reward tend to occur more frequently. 2 -Non-reinforvcment: - A person that is not followed by reward will occur less frequently

3 - Extinction: - if a response is not followed by reward after it has been repeated many times; it will go away. After winning three times, you pull the handle on a slot machine 30 times more withot a payoff. What do you do? You go away. So dose the response of handle pulling. 4 - punishment: - if a response is followed by discomfort or an undesirable effect, the response will be suppressed (but not necessarily extinguished). 5 -shaping: -shaping means rewarding actions are closer and closer approximation to a desired response. 6 -stimulus control: - responses tend to come under the control of the situation in which they occur. 7 -time out: -A time-out procedure usually involve removing the individual from a situation in which reinforcement occurs. Time out is a variation of nonreinforcement: it prevents reward from following an undesirable response

Comparison of psychotherapies INSIGHT OR ACTION DIRECTIVE INDIVIDUAL THERAPYS OR NON- OR GROUP STRENGTH DIRECTIVE psychoanaly sis insight directive individual Searching honesty Clientcentered therapy insight Nondirective both Acceptance, empathy Behavior therapy action directive both Observable changes in behavior