Unit 5 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GUIDANCE CONCEALING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY

Unit #5 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GUIDANCE, CONCEALING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY

Psychotherapy is concerned with the alleviation of human suffering. Medicine is the earliest know science which was concerned with human suffering. The sciences as we understand them, can be broadly Classified into three categories: 1. 2. 3. Formal science Empirical science Praxeological Science

Cont… 1 -Formal science are those which concern themselves with what ‘ ought to be‘ rather then with ‘what is’ Firmal science such as mathematics, logic, ethics, axiology are concerned with non empirical data. They are also known as perfect science as they are concerned with the basic postulates and axioms. 2 -Empirical science are concerned with the natural phenomena, that is the happening or events in the world. The empirical science are subdivided into experimental and nine experimental science, both formal and empirical are essentially concerned with truth.

Cont… 3 -Praxeological science Praxeological are concerned with the practical application of the finding of the empirical science. Under this category may be Considered medicine, nursing, education, psychotherapy and the like. Belonging to this category of science psychotherapy represents a body of Knowledge that gathers its data from a number of related professions all of which are basically concerned with the helping function. Human aliments are broadly classified into two categories. Though this classification is crude and does not stand Close scruting, it is helpful in the understanding of ailments.

Cont… They are (1)orgenic or somatogenic diseases or ailments and (2) non orgenic or functional ailments. It has been traditional preserve of the medical profession to treat individual Suffering from ailments caused by organic factors. For a long time In the history of medicine the functional diseases were not recognized as such. In this times of the ancient Greek civilization some of the functional diseases were looked upon with greater awe and Admiration. A person with an epileptic fit was considered to be in communication with Gof. However in the middle ages, functional diseases came to be looked upon as instance of transactions with Satan. They were supposed to be caused by evil spirits or the devil and the victims were treated inhumanly. Often they were burnt at the stake. After the Renaissance and growth of the spirit of humanism, this attitudes towards victims of functional disorders slowly but steadily changed.

Cont… It took over ten centuries for people to recognizes that an insane person is essentially a sick person deserving sympathy and humane treatment. Philippe Pinel (1745 -1826) in France, Benjamin, Rush (1745 -1813) and Dorothia Dix(1802 -1887) in the USA, William Tuke(1732 -1823) in England several others stand out in the annals of history as leaders of this movement, with the recognition that bizarre and unusual symptoms were a’type’ of disease, the medical profession took upon itself the responsibility to treat them. But it didn’t take much for doctors to realize the futility of their methods. This work of Franz Antin Mesemer(1734 -1815)in Prussia and latter in France swept the people off their feet and Mesmerism came into vague

Cont… However it was soon disgraced with the appointment of the French Royal Commission to investigate the ‘cutes’ and Mesmerism no remained a forace. about this time, James Braid(1843), a British physicians Presented before the Royal society a proper on nawrhypnology or the Rational of Nervous sleep (Allen, 1949) This ushered in hypnosis as a therapeutic technique Dr James Esdaile was known to have carried out not less than 300 major amputations in Calcutta employing hypnosis. The discovery of chloroform and cocaine have today dispensed with hypnosis in our operation theatres. This work of Josef Breuer(1895), a famous neurologist in Vienna, and the discovery of psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud opened up new vistas in psychotherapy, Today the highly specialized branch of medicine namely, Psychiatry, which is concerned with treatment of psychological disorders has become respectable and monetarily rewarding.

Cont… Towards the end of the last century and in the first two decades of the present century, a new field of specialization emerged as a link between psychiatry and psychology. This is the field of clinical phycology. Much later in the history of phycology, counseling emerged as a specialized discipline. The term ‘Psychotherapy’, an closer examination, appears to be vague. On the one hand, it refers to what is patent the psychological form of theropy. On the other hand it refers to a host of psychological therapies, the broad spectrum of which has hypnosis at its one extreme and counseling at the other. Counseling thus is a form of psychotherapy. Robinson (1950) holds that counselling is concerned with aiding normal people to achieve better adjustment skills which manifest themselves in increased maturity, independence, an integrated personality and responsibility.

Cont… Thorns (1950) is of the opinion “that counseling is a special type of psychotherapy adaptable to problems of normal people”. Blos (1946) considers that “ counseling deals with relatively non-imbedded problems cases, that is, with those persons who have not developed rigid neurelie patterns, but are primarily pressurized from the outside environment” Psychotherapy, according to the more orthodox riew, is concerned with the reconstruction of the individual at both the conscious and unconscious levels. Unlike counseling psychotherapy is more concerned with alleviating pathological conditions. Counseling lays stress on rational planning to solve problems of adjustment. In brief psychotherapy utilizes psycho- analysis, hypothesis and such other psychological approaches for therapeutic purposes. In psychiatry in addition to the above is almost always concerned with such problems as learning difficulties minor conflicts involving feeling of anxiety, hostility, etc.

Counseling and psychotherapy We have alluded to Carl Rogers‘book counseling and psychotherapy (1942). few books in the field of psychology have had such a far-reaching impact on the course of the development of counseling, Rogers was psychotherapist with differences He had ni medical background. He was a clinical psychologist with some training in ministry. Until his time was commonly believed that a psychotherapist should necessarily have a medical background. Rogers exploded this myth. “He destroyed the gap between counseling and psychotherapy, Rogers holds that both existed” (Lewis, 1970) in counseling and psychotherapy, Rogers holds that both counseling and psychotherapy are exactly the same. Modern counseling psychologist owe a great deal to him for his positive contribution to the technique of counseling. However, we do not entirely agree with his position. We believe that Rogers has created some confusion in the minds of counsellors and others and that psychotherapy is much wider field that embraces counseling in its fold.

Cont… The relation between counseling and psychotherapy has been ambiguous as a result of the fact that the terms are amorphously defined and loosely used. There at least two reasons for this confusion: 1. The habit of the representatives of the medical profession to include psychotherapy under the legal definition of the practice of medicine. Persons with a medical background hold that psychotherapy is a concern of the medical field. Medical juris prudence has lent considerable weight age to the position that psychotherapy is a medical process. 2. The semantic characteristics of the words psychotherapy and counseling are not strictly the same. For example the latter is not concerned the restructuring of personalities. There are other points of difference which would be of interest. Many practitioners, medically trained, are obviously at a great disadvantage owing to their ignorance of theory and facts concerning personality change. psychotherapy is usually concerned with

Cont…. severely disturbed persons who have to be entrusted to institutional care. But on the other hand, as in the medical field, minor disorders do not require any institutionalization. Persons with such disorders are treated as out-patients. Counselling is a service performed in many setting by different kinds of persons with varying background. They all represent people with a common interest, viz to assist those in need of help to overcome problems. counseling adjustment to various situations in life. This poses some important question: “what is the differences between counseling and psychotherapy‘? ‘ can they be theoretically distinguished as discrete field’? A clear application of this issue will help clarity several issues concerning the problems of training, practice and special policy in both these fields. So far clear demarcation between the two has not been made possibly due to practical difficulties. Neither do we have satisfactory or counseling.

Cont… Attempts to compare one with the other have only tended to present biased accounts of each to make each appear exclusive of the other. A superficial comparison made in terms of institutional setting or the function or the training has not been particularly useful either.

Difference between counseling and psychotherapy Counseling Psychotherapy Concerned with normal anxieties Concerned with neurotic anxieties Operate in educational set-up Oprate in medical set-up Broder rather then deeper in scope Deeper rather then broader in scope Counseling deals with the future Psychotherapy deals with the present

Difference between guidance and counseling Guidance Counselling Advice or instruction on general problems, given by someone more experienced or qualified Professional advice give by a counsellor based on personal or psychology related problems of the individuals Has a broader scope such as educational guidance, career guidance, financial guidance, etc. Essentially covers personal and psychological assistance Needs to be done with a professional counselor with a recognized license to practice as a counsellor Anyone who have good experience and knowledge can give effective guidance to others.