Megacities and Climate Change Martha Delgado Peralta Secretary

Megacities and Climate Change Martha Delgado Peralta Secretary of Environment Mexico City Government

MEXICO CITY METROPOLITAN AREA • • 16 Districts in Mexico City 59 Councils in Estado de Mexico • Population: 20. 1 millions • Vehicles: 3. 75 millions • Industries: 35, 000 • Water: 65 m 3/s • Trip per day: 28. 3 millions • Oxygen 23% less

DISTRITO FEDERAL • Superficie: 1, 484 km 2 • Conservation Soil : 59% • Population : 8. 7 millions • Housing: 2. 54 millions • Vehicles : 2. 47 millions • Trip per day : 12 millions • Water : 32 m 3/s • Solid Waste : 12 thousand ton per day

Año 2006 2005 2004 2003 0. 02 0. 00 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 2006 0. 04 2005 0. 06 2006 " 2005 (Promedio anual de concentraciones horarias) 2004 0. 10 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 "NO 2" 2002 2001 2000 0. 00 1999 0. 02 1998 0. 04 1997 0. 06 300 1996 "O 2" 1995 0 1994 2 0. 08 1994 4 1993 (Promedio anual de concentraciones móviles horarias) 0. 08 1993 "CO" 1992 10 1992 0. 0 1991 0. 5 1991 1. 0 1990 1. 5 Concentración (ppm) 2. 0 1990 6 Concentración (ppm) 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 (Promedio trimestral de muestreos de 24 horas cada 6 días, filtros PST) 1991 (Promedio anual de concentraciones horarias) Concentración (µg/m 3) 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1994 1995 "Pb" 1990 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1993 1992 3. 0 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1991 1990 Concentración (µg/m 3) 2. 5 1994 1993 0. 08 1992 1991 1990 Concentración (ppm) MEXICO CITY AIR POLLUTION BEHAVIOR 1990 -2006 0. 10 (Promedio anual de promedios de 24 horas) "SO 2 " 0. 06 0. 04 0. 02 0. 00 0. 10 400 “PM 10” (Red manual: Promedio anual de muestreos de 24 hrs. ) 200 100 0

ACUMULATED RAINFALL PER YEAR, MEXICO CITY, 1900 -2006 Milimetres Year

TEMPERATURE AVERAGE IN MEXICO CITY 1990 -2007 Temperature (°C) Year Temperature average and minimum at Tacubaya Observatory from 1900 to 2007

TEMPERATURE AVERAGE IN MEXICO CITY 1990 -2007 Mexico City has undergone a process of fast heating due to a great extent of urbanization and the “Heat Island” effect, also, because of the man made global warming caused by the high GHG emissions. • In the last thirty years, changes in Mexico City's temperature have occurred, being now, almost 2 degrees Celsius hotter than it was at the middle of the Seventies, and almost 4 degrees Celsius hotter than it was at the beginning of the last century.

GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSION IN MEXICO CITY IN 2007 Mexico City: 37 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent Commercial Public Solid Waste Rural Transportation Housing Industry Mexico City Metropolitan Area: 60 million metric tons of equivalent carbon dioxide 9. 1% of national emissions

AVERAGE SCENE OF GHG EMISSION PARTICIPATION BY SECTORS IN MEXICO CITY 2007

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY PROGRAMS JIERARCHY AND ADMINISTRATION, IN MEXICO CITY Mexico City’s General Development Program 20072012 Green Plan Environmental Agenda: Sector Programming 2007 -2012 Air Quality Improve Program 2002 -2010 Integral Management Program for Solid Waste 2004 -2008 Sustainable Water Management for Mexico City Program, 20072008 Mexico City Climate Action Program 2008 -2012

PROGRAM DESIGN • Identification of Actions that reduce greenhouse gases emissions, and promote the adaptation to the climate change new conditions: environmental costs, benefits, barriers, proposed actions impacts. • Consult of different actors: • Universities • NGOs • Professional associations • private sector, etc, • Meetings and consensus with 32 Mexico City Government dependencies. • Public Consults

MEXICO CITY GOVERNMENT DEPENDENCIES PARTICIPATING IN THE PROGRAM 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Energy Efficient Use Coordination DIF-DF Public prosecutor Environmental office, PGJDF Government Delegations Firemen Dept Social Integration Attendance Science and Technology Institute Media Superior Education Institute D. F Home Institute LOCATEL Oficialía Mayor Environmental Judge Advocate General and Territorial Ordering Justice General Advocate office of D. F. Social office of judge advocate general Transport Network

MEXICO CITY GOVERNMENT DEPENDENCIES PARTICIPATING IN THE PROGRAM 16. Culture Secretariat 17. Economic Development Secretariat 18. Rural and equality for Communities Development Secretariat 19. Social Development Secretariat 20. Urban and Home Development Secretariat 21. Finances Secretariat 22. Services and Construction Secretariat 23. Civil Protection Secretariat 24. Health Secretariat 25. Transport and Roads Secretariat 26. Environment Secretariat 27. Forensic Medical Service 28. Mexico City Water System 29. Bus Rapid Transit (Metrobus) 30. Subway System Metro 31. Federal District Electric Transport System 32. National Autonomous University of Mexico

GOALS • Reduce seven million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent between 2008 -2012 • Carry out a climate change adaptation program, and have it in full operation by 2012

GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION ACTIONS 26 greenhouse gases emissions mitigation actions 5, 600 million dollars of investment required 4, 4 million tons of equivalent carbon dioxide reduction per year, 12% of the greenhouse gas emissions of Mexico City

GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION ACTIONS ACTION TO REDUCE EMISSION 400 800 1, 200 USD) 1, 600

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION ACTIONS 12 climate change adaptation actions 299 million dollars required These actions would reduce the risks of climate change

ADAPTATION ACTIONS • Hydro meteorological system of early warning • Micro-basin management 1: urban ravines • Protection and recuperation of native crops and herbs • Remote detection of forest fires • Epidemiological monitoring • Assistance to people who are vulnerable to extreme climate events • Micro-basin management 2: and water conservation Soil

ADAPTATION ACTIONS • Micro-basin management 3: Rural development and soil and water conservation on agricultural lands • Agricultural monitoring of genetically modified foods and fomentation of organic production • Land parcels pilot project 1: Soil recovery for rural development • Land parcels pilot project 2: Alternative reforestation with species resilient to climate change • Green Rooftop

CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNICATION AND EDUCATION ACTIONS 6 communication and education actions 40 million dollars required These actions would help to communicate the climate change risks

CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNICATION AND EDUCATION ACTIONS • Ongoing seminary on climate change • Education for efficient use of resources in Mexico City housing units • Reinforcement of a water culture in Mexico City • Educational communications to promote social awareness of climate change phenomenon • Educational communication for the integrated management of solid waste • Communication about the risks associated with climate change and the promotion of adaptation measures

INVESTMENT REQUIRED 2008 - 2012 Area Investment Required 2008 -2012 (million USD) Water 836 Energy 204 Solid Waste 1, 382 Transport 3, 191 GHG Emission Reduction 5, 615 Adaptation 299 Communication and Education 40 TOTAL 5, 955

Taking Actions

Metrobús Nuevo esquema operativo BUS RAPID TRANSIT INSURGENTES CORRIDOR • 15 de octubre de 2008

BEFORE BRT AFTER BRT

BRT Insurgentes Corridor Scope Length • The largest in Latinamerica : 29 km Passengers per • One of the most bigger in the world: ~12 passengers / km kilometer 265, 000 passengers / day Buses Enviromental • 134 articulated • 12 biarticulated • The firts project around the world that sells GHG reductions emissions

BENEFITS Users • Security • Reliable Drivers • Social Secutity • Training Stake holders • New vision of bussines México City • Urban Road Order • Street Governance • GHG Reduction Emissions

Environmental Benefits GHG Emissions Reductions Period GHG Emission Reduction Euros 2005 - 2006 29, 177 tons of CO 2 eq 121, 959 Euros 2006 – 2007 38, 210 tons of CO 2 eq 159, 717 Euros Total 67, 387 tons de CO 2 eq 2007 – 2008 281, 676 Euros 50, 000 tons of CO 2 eq

TOWARDS THE FUTURE • Ten BRT Corridors will start up at 2012 in the Mexico City • Over 200 Km of confined track • 800 articulate buses will replace over 3, 000 old buses • It will expect 300 mil tons of CO 2 eq emissions reduction

SOLAR ENERGY IMPROVEMENT STANDARD Solar Energy: Traditional Fuels: Investment Return Period: Pools: 1. 5 Years Sanitary uses : 3 years 30% 70 % • Swimming Pools • Companies over 51 employees that uses hot water for: • Showers and Hand washes • Kitchens • Laundry and cleaners ACHIEVEMENTS 6, 957 m 2 of solar panels installed

Thank you for your attention ! Martha Delgado Secretary of Environment Mexico City Government www. sma. df. gob. mx