Towards a Sustainable Practice for Managing Climate Change

Towards a Sustainable Practice for Managing Climate Change Impacts on Cultural Heritage Dr Cathy Daly School of History & Heritage University of Lincoln Research supported by the Dublin Institute of Technology & ABBEST

1. Background 2. Interviews 3. Case Studies 4. Summary & Conclusion Daly 14. 1. 2016

Climate Change …a change in the average climate (or its variability) from one averaging period to the next (i. e. 30 years). (Parry and Carter, 1998: 5) Village of Moorland, Somerset levels. Photograph: Matt Cardy/Getty Images , Theguardian. com

Projections for UK • Warmer wetter winters • Hotter drier summers • Increased frequency of extreme & unpredictable weather (high winds, intense rain) • Sea-level rise

Implications for Cultural Heritage Subsidence Deterioration buried archaeology Increasing Temperatures Biological growth Salt crystallisation Increasing Rainfall Flooding Biodiversity change Drier summers Wet-dry cycles in stone Loss peat lands Increasing wind Stone erosion Collapse Plough damage Multiple interactions: some possible climate change factors and impacts

1. Background 2. Interviews 3. Case Studies 4. Summary & Conclusion Daly 14. 1. 2016

Structured Interviews • Those addressing, either in practice or through research, the impacts of climate change on cultural heritage • Chosen from published literature, major research projects and through personal referrals • Thirty respondents were interviewed from fifteen different countries Daly 14. 1. 2016

Interviewees had… Assessed the vulnerability of cultural heritage to potential climate change Noted impacts attributed to climate change Difficulty determining whether observed impacts can be reliably attributed to ‘climate change’ Daly 14. 1. 2016

Importance of ‘on site’ monitoring for understanding the impacts of climate change 1 (low) to 7 (high) Unsure % No Yes 0 Daly 14. 1. 2016 20 40 60 Knowledge of monitoring tools designed to function over 30– 100 years timescale

1. Background 2. Interviews 3. Case Studies 4. Summary & Conclusion Daly 14. 1. 2016

Case studies Derrygonnelly Northern Ireland, St. Andrews Scotland Nyköping Sweden (www. youreuropemap. com) Daly 14. 1. 2016

Future Climate Change; the nature and scale of impact upon masonry (Climate change and the ‘greening’ of masonry: implications for built heritage and new build) in Northern Ireland Test hut at Derrygonnelly, N. Ireland (Daly February 2012) Daly 14. 1. 2016

South-west wall showing 3 types of stone (Daly, February 2012) Daly 14. 1. 2016 Detail of internal face of stone wall showing two types of embedded moisture sensors (Daly, February 2012)

Scottish Coastal Archaeology and the Problem of Erosion (SCAPE) in Scotland Daly 14. 1. 2016 Tom Dawson at Boddin Limekiln showing - collapsing due to undercutting by wave action; this site has been documented by SCAPE using 3 D laser scanning (Daly, April 2012)

SCAPE partnered the Bressay community project to excavate and rebuild the eroding Burnt Mound of Cruester, Bressay, Shetland (www. shorewatch. co. uk) Daly 14. 1. 2016

“Påverkan på runinskrifter” or Runic Inscriptions as Cultural and Natural Environmental Indicators in Sweden Rune stones at Kolunda Eskilstuna (Daly, May 2012) Daly 14. 1. 2016

Swedish Heritage Board conducting 3 D scanning of a rune stone, Södermanland (Daly, May 2012) Daly 14. 1. 2016

1. Background 2. Interviews 3. Case Studies 4. Summary & Conclusion Daly 14. 1. 2016

Equifinality …that the same effect could be attributable to different events or processes… Seek to manage the impacts without identifying the root cause. OR Gather long-term data to enable clarification of causality in the future. Land slip onto the beach below St Andrews Castle (Daly, April 2012) Daly 14. 1. 2016

Monitoring alone, unsupported by appropriate remedial action, is unsustainable St Andrews (Daly, April 2012) Daly 14. 1. 2016

Need to pioneer methods and approaches Daly 14. 1. 2016 Ad hoc attempts to prevent erosion occur at local level regardless of Shoreline Management Plans e. g. the deposition of building rubble and garden waste by owners of Scurdie Ness Lighthouse (Daly, April 2012)

Hard decisions and strategic use of resources Moving the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse & Principal Keeper’s Quarters in 1999 cost 11. 8 million dollars. www. nps. gov Daly 14. 1. 2016

Conclusion • Global climate change will (and probably is already) impacting cultural heritage • Long-term sustainable strategies for monitoring and adapting to climate change are needed • Community based solutions have (and have already shown) great potential in this regard Daly 14. 1. 2016

Acknowledgments The research was undertaken thanks to funding from ABBEST at Dublin Institute of Technology Thanks to the international experts that contributed and without whom the work would not have been possible: Dr. Jonathan Ashley-Smith, Dr. Paul Baker, Susan Barr, Prof. Hans Peter Blankholm, Prof. Tor Broström, Prof Dr. Andreas Burmester, Prof Dario Camuffo, Pamela Faylona, Monika Fjaestad, Dr Joe Flatman, Prof. Bjarne Gronnow, Klaus Haefner, John Hurd, Dr Ewan Hyslop, Henning Matthiesen, Dr. Susan Mc. Intyre-Tamwoy, Rory Mc. Neary, Dr Keith Westley, Dr. Benjamín Otto Ortega Morales, Peter Murphy, Michael Pearson, Dr. Robyn Pender, Prof. Vlatka Rajčić, Dr Marcy Rockman, Dr David Roe, Prof. Cristina Sabbioni, Dr Jos Van Schijndel, Ian Wainwright, Prof. Ping-Sheng Wu Special thanks to Dr. Tom Dawson, Vibeke Vandrup Martens, Helen Simonsson, Laila Kitzler Ǻhfeldt, Dr Stephen Mc. Cabe and the late Prof. Bernie Smith for providing the case studies

Thank You Cdaly@lincoln. ac. uk www. drcathydaly. com