MANUAL DRILLING AROUND THE WORLD Dr Kerstin Danert

MANUAL DRILLING AROUND THE WORLD Dr Kerstin Danert, Skat Foundation, Switzerland Presentation for UNESCO/UNITWIN Chair Appropriate Technologies for Human Development seminar 10/11 April 2019 Towards universal water access – The role of manual drilling

Madrid Seminar Host Participants Brighid O Dochartaigh – British Geological Survey, UK Brighid O Dochartaigh – British Geological Survey (BGS), United Kingdom ◦ Host - UNESCO Chair „Appropriate Callist. Uganda Tindimugaya – Ministry of Water and Environment, Uganda Callist Tindimugaya – Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE), Cheikh Hamidou Kane – UNICEF Democratic Republic of Congo Technologies Human. DRC Development“, Cheikh Hamidou Kane –for UNICEF Dotun Adekile – independent, Nigeria Universidad Complutense Dotun Adekile – independent, Nigeria. Madrid Douglas Aburu – UNICEF Zambia Fabio Fusi – independent, Spain Jose Gesti Canuto – UNICEF (in future independent) Fabio Fusi – independent, Spain Kerstin Danert – Skat Foundation, Switzerland Jose Gesti Canuto – UNICEF (in future independent) Levy Museteka – Water Resources Management Authority, Zambia Kerstin Danert – Skat Foundation, Switzerland Moustapha Diene - Cheikh Anta Diop University, Senegal Levy Museteka – Water Resources Management Authority (WARMA), Zambia Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain Pedro Martinez-Santos, Moustapha Diene - Cheikh Anta Diop University, Senegal Pedro Martinez-Santos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid

Topics ◦ Groundwater & potential use in Africa ◦ Manual drilling around the world ◦ Enforcing groundwater regulation: experiences from Uganda ◦ Development and uptake of manual drilling in Nigeria ◦ Regulating the manual drilling sector: experiences from Zambia ◦ Development and uptake of manual drilling in DRC ◦ The importance of groundwater data: experiences in DRC and Guinea Bissau ◦ Manual Drilling in Zambia ◦ Africa Groundwater Atlas ◦ The professional manual drilling sector in Senegal ◦ Towards universal access – The role of manual drilling ◦ Feasibility of manual drilling in Africa ◦ Manual drilling: opportunities and challenges ahead

Groundwater use for drinking water in Africa Estimates of access to drinking water sources in Sub. Saharan Africa. At least 50% of the total population in Africa use groundwater as their main source of drinking water Source: From 2015 JMP Country files in UPGro (2017) Source: RWSN (2015)

Manual drilling Hand Drilling Family Tree Key information ◦ relies on human energy to construct a borehole and complete a water supply ◦ can be used in fairly soft formations and if groundwater is relatively shallow ◦ equipment can easily be transported to remote, or difficult to access areas ◦ safer and quicker than hand dug wells ◦ provides local employment for small enterprises ◦ low cost (USD 20 – 3, 000) compared to mechanised/machine drilling (USD 2, 000 – 30, 000) ◦ can provide safe drinking water and water for agriculture/business ◦ affordable for some households & businesses directly ◦ supplies appreciated by users & some governments ◦ methods used in at least 36 countries around the world ◦ methods well established in some places, new in others and has not taken off in some locations Source: RWSN (2019) Source: Adapted from Danert (2009)

From Innovation to Widespread Use Three stages of innovation diffusion… …each with different challenges ◦ Invention or introduction – when a technology is developed and tested or introduced into a new context. At this stage, the uptake is quite low. ◦ Take-off (or tipping point) - when there is a sharp increase in the number of people adopting the technology, often copying others (may be localised or nation-wide). ◦ Established – when the technology is common, generally accepted and widely used. Source: Danert (2015)

Extent of Manual Drilling for Domestic Water Supplies Documented for 36 countries in 2015 Manual drilling is: Established Take-off or tipping point Introduced Used in the past Not analysed Source: Danert (2015) What has changed since 2015?

Used in the past… …and discontinued or now used on a limited basis Examples ◦ Chad ◦ extensive use in the 1980’s but loss of confidence by Government; reintroduced again later ◦ South Sudan ◦ some Vonder rigs still in limited use (e. g photo on right); new introduction ongoing ◦ Uganda ◦ considerable Vonder rig use in the early 1990’s then technology fell out of use ◦ research project in late 1990 s to develop new technology but it was not adopted ◦ new attempts to introduce manual drilling the north ◦ Hypothesis: these discontinuations may have been for NGO/Government-funded projects with limited private sector involvement, too short to enable technology to establish or too narrow in scope. Figure: Vonder Rig in use in Northern Bahr El Ghazal, South Sudan (2014)

Figure: Carrying Drilling Tools into the Ituri Rainforest, DRC Introduction phase ◦ Why? ◦ Reducing the cost of drinking water provision (rural) ◦ Reaching remote, and difficult to serve areas (rural) ◦ Private sector expertise spreads to new area and new market develops (urban? ) ◦ Who introduces? ◦ Private enterprises developing new markets ◦ Local NGOs with foreign, then local expertise (often with overseas funding) ◦ Government with foreign, then local expertise (recently many with UNICEF support) ◦ Foreign NGOs and companies (including several faithbased organisations) ◦ Funders over the last decade include UNICEF, Echo, Oxfam, AFDB, USAID, Connect International, Humana and Arrakis. Source: Matt Hangen, in Danert (2015) ◦ Issues ◦ Show potential (technology viability and mapping) ◦ Finding suitable locations ◦ Persuade others to try something new ◦ Finding early adopters ◦ Proving the technology ◦ Manufacture, procurement & assembly of equipment ◦ Strengthening business capacity of enterprises

Source: Sylvia Gaya in Danert (2015) Take-off (or valley-of-death) phase ◦ Examples ◦ ◦ Widespread in Njombe – take-off in Tanzania Association of low cost drillers in Chad Eastern Manual Drilling Cooperative in Zambia Spread within Nigeria ◦ Take-off scenarios ◦ Demand outstrips professional supply ◦ New unskilled drillers enter the market ◦ Construction quality concerns and risk of reputational damage ◦ Valley-of-death scenarios ◦ Trained drillers not able to obtain sufficient work ◦ Inadequate materials available ◦ Construction quality concerns and risk of reputational damage Figure (above): Sludging in Chad Figures (right): Localy fabricated drilling bits in Nigeria Source: Kerstin Danert

Widespread uptake Providing water for all? Example of manual drilling spread within Nigeria What happens? ◦ Drilling capacity increases ◦ Cost of drilling drops ◦ Awareness of opportunity within population increases ◦ Rural: not much has been documented other than Bangladesh, DRC in the pipeline ◦ Government and most international agencies largely ignore the phenomenon of private boreholes in urban areas despite their substantial contribution to drinking water supply Source: RWSN (2015) ◦ Urban: documentation for Nigeria and Chad….

From innovation to proliferation Primarily in urban areas & expected to grow Drivers ◦ Feasible hydrogeology ◦ Rapid urban expansion/urban spread ◦ Insufficient or unreliable municipal piped supplies ◦ Rising incomes and aspirations ◦ Supply – improved technology & more contractors Concerns ◦ Largely unmonitored and unregulated ◦ Water security risks due to increased abstraction ◦ Might Africa follow the Asian trends where half of groundwater sources are reported to be contaminated? Source: Healy (2018); Allan et al (2018)

The wider drilling context On-going initiatives ◦ Guidance materials ◦ Advocacy ◦ Assessments ◦ Training (face-to-face & online) => To improve practices and policy Inspiring others!! https: //www. rural-water-supply. net/en/sustainable-groundwatermanagement/professionnal-water-well-drilling

What is needed? Get manual drilling & private boreholes onto the radar of political leaders, policy-makers, major funders & media Types of Initiatives ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Advocacy Dialogue Documentation & sharing Monitoring (groundwater, abstraction & quality) Research & publications* Regulation (paper and practice) Surveys (of location) Training * There are lots of anecdotal reports! Who could play a role? ◦ ◦ ◦ Drillers & drillers associations National governments Media UNICEF World Bank & other bilateral agencies International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) ◦ UNESCO Chair/Madrid University ◦ Skat Foundation & RWSN ◦ Other research organisations

References ALLAN, S. ; BRISTOW, G. ; BUKAR, Y. ; CAPSTICK, S. ; DANERT, K. ; FUREY, S. ; GONI, I. ; HEALY, A. ; MACDONALD, A. ; THEIS, S. ; TIJANI, M. ; UPTON, K. ; WHITMARSH, L. (2018) Resilience in Groundwater Supply Systems: Integrating Resource Based Approaches With Agency, Behaviour and Choice (RIGSS), RIGGS Working Paper, Cardiff University, UK, available at https: //www. cardiff. ac. uk, (accessed 1 Apr 2019) DANERT, K (2009) Hand Drilling Directory, RWSN, available at https: //www. rural-water-supply. net/en/resources/details/156 (accessed 27 Mar 2019) DANERT K. (2015) Manual Drilling Compendium 2015. RWSN Publication 2015 -2 , Skat, available at https: //www. rural-watersupply. net/en/resources/details/653 (accessed 27 Mar 2019) HEALY, A (2018) Perceived trends in the development of individualised water supplies in Africa, Survey Summary , RIGSS , Cardiff University/RWSN, available at https: //www. rural-water-supply. net/en/resources/details/818 (accessed 1 Apr 2019) RWSN (2015) Documentation of Manual Drilling in Lagos and beyond [online], Rural Water Supply Network, https: //vimeo. com/107047730 (accessed 3 Apr 2019) RWSN (2019 a) Manual Drilling [online], https: //www. rural-watersupply. net/en/sustainable-groundwater-management/manual-drilling (accessed 27 Mar 2019 RWSN (2019 a) Professional Water Well Drilling [online] https: //www. rural-water-supply. net/en/sustainable-groundwatermanagement/professionnal-water-well-drilling UNICEF Toolkit for the Profesionalization of Manual Drilling in Africa, available at https: //www. unicef. org/wash/3942_59785. html (accessed 3 Apr 2019) UNICEF (2016) Professional Water Well Drilling. A UNICEF Guidance Note , Unicef , Skat Foundation, available at https: //www. rural-water -supply. net/en/resources/details/775 (accessed 3 Apr 2019) UPGro (2017) Groundwater and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa, UPGro Working Paper, Skat Foundation, St. Gallen, June 2017, Available at https: //upgro. org/publications-papers/project-reports/ (accessed 3 Apr 2019)

Thank you! Dr Kerstin Danert Skat Foundation Switzerland kerstin. danert@skat. ch 16