Lecture 4 International Words and False Friends of

Lecture 4 International Words and "False Friends" of an Interpreter. Translation of Proper Names. 1. Translation of International Vocabulary. 2. "False Friends" of an Interpreter. 3. Rendering of English Proper Names into Ukrainian. 4. Rendering of Ukrainian Proper Names into English.

1. Translation of International vocabulary Internationalisms are language units which are borrowed from one and the same source language by at least three genealogically different languages in the same or similar lingual form and identical meaning e. g. : долар, атом, інтерес, директор, база, стадіон, театр, фізика, alphabet, barbarism, billiards, bulldog, cafeteria, catastrophe, chaos, economic, electric, element, energy, film, legal, minimum, philosopher

International may be: 1)words; 2)morphemes: prefixes (anti /aнти , ех /екс , inter /iнтep , trans /транс , ultra /ультра: antibody – антитіло, export (v. ) – експортувати, international –інтернаціональний, translation – трансмісія, ul traviolet – ультрафіолетовий);

Suf fixes: ar/ ap, er/ ep, ist/ icт, ssion/ сія: actor/актор, volunteer/волонтер, humanist/гуманіст, agression/агресія, Inflexions: ит/ ум (memorandum –меморандум), us/ yc, (ra dius –радіус), а/ а (formula –формула); Root morphemes: fund – фонд, lord – лорд, park – парк, smog – смоґ.

Internationalisms mainly denote the following: Social and political termi nology (audit, bank, consti tution, parliament, party, ). Natural history/sciences terminology (physics, mathematics, ge netics, chemistry, chemical/physical reaction, genes, pneumonia) Technical terms (motor, carter, starter, accelerator, battery, bus, metro, taxi, fax, telegraph, telex, radio, e mail)

International vocabulary can be divided into three main groups (according to V. V. Akulenko): 1. Interlingual synonyms – words in two languages that fully or partially coincide in meaning: complex, revolution, director. 2. Interlingual homonyms – words in two languages similar in sound (or graphic) form, but having different meanings: personal особистий, angina стенокардія. 3. Interlingual paronyms – words in two languages are not completely similar in form, but can cause false associations and be identified with each other, despite the actual divergence in meanings: sympathy – співчуття, симпатія, polygon – полигон, багатокутник.

The main reasons that lead to mistakes in the translation of international vocabulary include: 1) conviction that words and grammatical forms are monosemantic; 2) use of analogy by mistake; 3) translation of words with more specific meanings than they actually have; 4) inability to find an adequate Ukrainian equivalent for the translation of English words and phrases

2. "False Friends" of an Interpreter Very few international words have the same meanings in different languages: parliament, theorem, diameter – парламент, теорема, диаметр In most cases the semantics of such words in English and in Ukrainian do not coincide and they should rather be named "pseudointernational“ or translator's false friends.

The translator's false friends fall into two main groups: Words which are similar in form but completely different in meaning e. g. lunatic – божевільний Words which are not fully interchangeable though there are some common elements in their semantics dramatic – вражаючий, а не тільки драматичний

1. Words which are similar in form but completely different in meaning. Here the risk of making a bad mistake is very great whenever the translator fails to consult his dictionary. Lots of mistakes have been made translating such English words: • It lasted the whole decade. – Це тривало аж десять років (а не 10 днів). • She has a very fine complexion. – У неї прекрасний колір обличчя (а не комплекція). • Well, he must be a lunatic. – Так він, мабуть, божевільний (а не лунатік). • Hise work is done accurately. – Це робота виконана точно (а не акуратно). • The troops were sent by sea. – Війська (а не трупи) були відправлені морем. • He spoke to her in Dutch but she didn’t understand him. – Він заговорив з нею голландською (а не на датською), але вона його не зрозуміла. • He is a physician. – Він – лікар-терапевт (а не фізик).

The following factors can prevent the possibility of using the formally similar word as an equivalent: The semantic factor The pragmatic factor The stylistic factor The co occurrence factor

The semantic factor is the result of the different subsequent development of the words borrowed by the two languages from the same source. idiom the main meaning «ідіома» additional meanings dialect / «діалект» (e. g. local idiom) individual style / «стиль» (e. g. Shakespeare's idiom)

The stylistic factor is the result of the difference in the emotive or stylistic connotation of the correlated words. the English "career" the Ukrainian «кар’єра» neutral may in some contexts have a negative connotation e. g. : Davy took on Faraday as his assistant and thereby opened a scientific career for him. – Деві взяв Фарадея до себе в помічники і тим самим відкрив йому шлях в науку.

The co occurrence factor reflects the difference in the lexical combinability rules in the two languages. a standard combination of words instead of formally similar substitute: “defect“ / «дефект» but “theoretical and organizational defects“ / «теоретичні та організаційні прорахунки» “gesture“ / «жест» but: minor gestures of reforms in the program / жалюгідна подоба реформ

The pragmatic factor reflects the difference in the background knowledge of the members of the two language communities. It makes the translator reject the formal equivalent in favour of the more explicit or familiar variant: the American Revolution – війна за незалежність в Америці; in the Reconstruction period – після скасування рабства; Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation – проголошена Лінкольном декларація про скасування рабства.

3. Rendering of English Proper Names into Ukrainian. Proper names belong to the special class of words that are monoreferential; their main function is to identify an individual referent.

Proper names include: • names, surnames and nicknames of people, nicknames of animals; • geographical names, names of cultural objects; • names of peoples and tribes; • names of enterprises and organizations (including names of companies, corporations); • names of sports teams, clubs, car brands, etc; • names of periodicals and so on.

Ways of rendering of proper names: • transcription • transliteration • translation = calque • including the unchanged proper name into the target text

In rendering of English proper names into Ukrainian all ways of translation may be used. 1. Transcription is the method of representation of the pronunciation of the foreign word with the target language letters. E. g. : Watson – Уотсон (а не Ватсон); George – Джордж (а не Георг); William Blake – Уильям Блейк (а не Вільям); Wall Street – Уолл Стріт; Waterloo (місто в США) – Уотерлу (а не Ватерлоо).

To properly use the method of transcription, the translator needs: 1) to know the correct pronunciation of the name in English; 2) take into account the origin of the name (for example: R. Zelazny – Желязнѝ (with the last syllable stressed); 3) to know certain Ukrainian alphabetic correspondences to English sounds; 4) take into account spelling norms of the Ukrainian language and transliteration. typical cases of preservation of

2. Transliteration is replacing English letters with Ukrainian ones. In other words, transliteration conveys the graphical form of the English word using correspondent Ukrainian letters. For example: Malta (країна) – Мальта; Waterloo (місто в Бельгии) – Ватерлоо; Watson (герой романів Конан Дойля) – Ватсон; Isaac Newton – Исаак Невтон (the variant used until 19 th century).

Denis Diderot Transliteration: Дидерот, Невтон, Шакеспеаре (17 th 18 th c. ) Isaac Newton William Shakespeare Transcription: Дидро, Ньютон, Шекспир (20 th – 21 th c. )

3. Translation or calque Calque is replacing of the constituent parts of a lexical unit (morphemes or words) with their direct lexical correspondences in the target language. Jack Sparrow Джек Горобець

Calque is used to render: q meaningful names and nicknames, which not only name a person, but also contain some of his characteristics: Jack Sparrow – Джек Сперроу (transcription) – Джек Горобець (calcue); Jack the Ripper – Джек Різник (Джек – transcription, Різник – calcue); q organization names: International Energy Agency – Міжнародне енергетичне агентство; League of Nations – Ліга Націй. q some geographical names: Cape of Good Hope – Мис Доброї Надії; Pacific Ocean – Тихий океан

If the name consists of two elements – one of which is a common noun and another one is a proper noun – then the first element is sometimes translated, and the second is transcribed: North Dakota – Північна Дакота; New Zealand – Нова Зеландия. There are cases of parallel coexistence of translation and transcription of the same name: South Island – Острів Південний та Саут Айленд; White Mountains – Білі гори та Гори Уайт Маунтіна.

4. Including the unchanged proper name into the target text This method is convenient because it allows immediate identifying the proper name in the context. This method is used in some scientific publications, as well as in legal documents: For years the Sierra Club has been in the forefront of environmental movement. – Протягом багатьох років Sierra Club займала провідне становище серед учасників руху на захист навколишнього середовища.

Basic rules of rendering English proper names them into Ukrainian: 1. Geographic names: а) translated: the Pacific Ocean – Тихий океан Rocky Mountains – Скелясті гори b) transcribed: New Mexico – Нью Мексико Pearl Harbor – Перл Харбор c) two ways of rendering are used: North Dakota – Північна Дакота Black Hills – гори Блек Хілз

2. Names of companies are traditionally transcribed: Paramount Pictures – Парамаунт Пікчерз BBC – Бі Бі Сі CNN – Сі Ен Ен General Electric Корпорейшн Corp. – Дженерал Електрик 3. Names of periodicals, ships, streets, squares and theatres are transcribed: The Wall Street Journal –– «Уолл Стріт Джорнел» Mayflower –– «Мейфлауер» Downing Street –– Даунінг стріт Bedford Square –– Бедфорд Сквер But: Trafalgar Square –– Трафальгарська площа

4. Names of parties, international organisations and public services are as a rule translated: Conservative Party –– Консервативна партія U. S. Department of State –– Госдепартамент США Exceptions: Labour Party –– Лейбористська (а не Трудова) партія Foreign Office –– Міністерство іноземних справ Об’єднаного Королівства Scotland Yard –– Скотленд Ярд Very often before the transcribed name, the corresponding explanatory words are added, for example, a newspaper, a company, an automobile corporation.

5. Names and surnames of people: а) transcribed; b) conveyed in accordance with translation traditions: Charles Dickens –– Чарльз Диккенс Но: Charles I –– Карл Перший George V –– Георг П’ятий c) nicknames and meaningful translated: Emiric the Evil –– Емерік Жорстокий names are

Some rules of rendering of the Ukrainian proper names into English: 1. Ukrainian companies and other state and private bodies performing the same or similar functions are transliterated or transcribed and explained at the same time: Укргазпром – Ukrainian Ukrhazprom natural gas importing and extracting body; Львівська взуттєва фірма «Прогрес» Lviv Prohres footwear firm. 2. Names of Ukrainian publishing houses are rendered into English with the corresponding identifying noun Publishers or Publishing House added to it: видавництво «Український письменник» Ukrainskyi Pysmennyk Publishers (Publishing House)

3. Names of theatres, cinemas, hotels, restaurants are mostly reproduced through transcription or transliteration and explanation at the same time: Київський державний український драматичний театр ім. Івана Франка the Kyiv State Ivan Franko Ukrainian Drama Theatre; готель «Україна» the Ukraina Hotel. 4. Names of newspapers, journals, and magazines are transliterated with the explanatory words added: газета «Народна Армія» the Ukrainian army Narodna Armiya newspaper.

5. Ukrainian names of streets (roads, avenues): the proper name is transliterated (rarely transcribed) and the explaining common noun вулиця, бульвар, провулок is translated: Андріївська вулиця - Andriivska Street; бульвар Лесі Українки - Lesya Ukrainka Avenue. In recent years вулиця, бульвар, transliterated in English: vulytsia Kostelna, ploshcha Peremohy etc. are When the noun вулиця, бульвар, провулок is not used in Ukrainian, it should naturally be added in the English translation: Андріївський Узвіз - Andriivskyi Uzviz Road; Лиса Гора - Lysa Hora Street.