Islam and Mission John Stevenson 2016 570 632

Islam and Mission © John Stevenson, 2016

570 -632 • Claimed to have a revelation from God – Monotheist – Islam (“Submission”) – Qu’ran (“Recitation”) • Moved to Medina in 622 • Conquered Mecca in 630

● Mecca

Dome of the Rock, site of al-Mi'raj, the ascent

Completed in 691

• No god but Allah, and Mohammed is his prophet • Belief in the books sent by God – Suhuf: Writings of Abraham – Tawrat: Torah – Zabur: Psalms – Injil: Gospels – Qur’an

• • • Belief in all the prophets Belief in angels Belief in the future day of judgment • Belief in predestination – God has already written down what will happen

• Confession: There is no god but Allah, and Mohammed is his prophet • Prayer: 5 times a day facing Mecca • Alms to the poor • Fasting during the month of Ramadan • Pilgrimage to Mecca

Muslim Restrictions to Christians and Jews • Wear a special mark on their clothing • No proselytizing permitted • No new churches or synagogues could be built • No church bells could be rung • Involvement in politics limited

● Mecca

• • Charles Martel 732 Tours, France Muslims halted

Reigned 752 - 768 • Son of Charles Martel • Initially governed France with his older brother • Succeeded the last of the Merovingian dynasty • Established the Papal States

800 A. D. • Grandson of Charles Martel • Crowned emperor of a united central Europe • Promoted schools and learning • Kingdom divided at his death

First Iconoclasm 650 700 Death of Mohammed 750 Battle of Tours Bede Boniface 2 nd Council of Nicea Vikings raiding 800 850 Charlemagne crowned Cyril & Methodius sent to Slavs

1 st Council of Nicaea 325 1 st Council of Constantinople 381 Council of Ephesus 431 Council of Chalcedon 451 2 nd Council of Constantinople 3 rd Council of Constantinople 2 nd Council of Nicaea 553 Trinity Christology 680 -681 787 Icons

• Norse raiders from the north • Longboats • Pagans • Normans • Rus • Sicily

• Constantinople attacked in 865 and again in 907 • Hired by the Byzantine Emperor • English missionaries

• Sigfrid, English Benedictine Monk (Died 1045) – Missionary to Sweden – Baptizes King Olaf of Sweden

• Viking threat • Need for local protection • Eventually gives rise to states Pope King Nobles Knights Vassals Merchants Craftsmen Peasants Serfs

• The issue of primogeniture • Abbey of Cluny founded in France in 910 • Under the oversight of the pope • Land farmed by serfs • Liturgy: The primary work of monks

• Began in the French village of Citeaux with a group of Benedictine monks in 1098 • A reform on the Cluny movement • Return to manual labor and self sufficiency • The Trappists would be a 17 th century reform of Cistercians

1090 - 1153 • Cistercian Monk • Founded an abby in France named Claire Vallee (Clairvaux) • Tried to bring reconciliation between two competing popes

1090 - 1153 • One of his disciples, Eugenius III, became pope and Bernard wrote for him the Book of Considerations • Calvin would later quote from Bernard’s comments regarding justification by faith and imputed righteousness

Thus Augustine says: “The righteousness of the saints in this world consists more in the forgiveness of sins than the perfection of virtue, ” (August. de Civitate Dei, lib. 19, cap. 27). To this corresponds the well-known sentiment of Bernard: “Not to sin is the righteousness of God, but the righteousness of man is the indulgence of God, ” (Bernard, Serm. 22, 23 in Cant). He previously asserts that Christ is our righteousness in absolution, and, therefore, that those only are just who have obtained pardon through mercy (Calvin, Institutes 3: 11: 22).

1090 - 1153 One cannot now say, the priest is as the people, for the truth is that the people are not so bad as the priest

1090 - 1153 That beast of the Apocalypse, to whom is given a mouth speaking blasphemies, and to make war with the saints, is sitting on the throne of Peter, like a lion ready for his prey (speaking about Anacletus II who contested Innocent II for the papacy).

Physical birth Spiritual rebirth Water & Spiritual Baptism Confirmation & Eucharist

975 - 1038 • Christian prince • Crowned king of new kingdom of Hungary in 1000 – Crown given by Pope Sylvester II – Christian Kingdom

• Henry III of Germany becomes Holy Roman Emperor in 1046 • Three competing popes – All deposed by Henry – None fit for papacy • Clement II from Germany made pope (only lived one year)

• Custom versus Canon Law • Henry III succeeded by his seven year old son, Henry IV (1056) • Synod of 1059: Pope to be nominated by cardinals

• Henry III continued to appoint successive popes • Leo IX (Pope from 10491052) – Clerical celibacy mandated – Forbade simony – Donation of Constantine – Excommunication of Constantinople

• Gregory VII becomes pope (1073) – Forbids lay investure – Calls for celibacy among clergy • Confrontation – Henry IV appoints a bishop – Gregory VII deposes Henry IV

January 1077