Human Development Learning Dr Stefanie Dorough PSYC 301EDUC

Human Development & Learning Dr. Stefanie Dorough PSYC 301/EDUC 301

Hail Mary, full of grace! The Lord is with thee; blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus. Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners now and at the hour of our death. Amen.

Theories of Development Chapter 2

Fact or Fiction? Fiction Fact 1. Freud believed that only adults experienced psychosexual stages in their development, based on inner drives and unconscious needs. 2. Proponents of behaviorism believe that all behavior arises directly from operant or classical conditioning. 3. Piaget believed that how people think and how they understand the world depends on their age. 4. The Information Processing approach uses analogies that compare human thinking processes to the way a computer functions. 4

What Theories Do Developmental theories: Frameworks for explaining patterns and problems of development. Produce Hypotheses Generate Discoveries Offer Practical Guidance A theory is not a fact, but not a “guess”. Theories organize observations in a coherent story.

Grand Theories Grand theories are lenses through which we observe the world. They guide what who, what, where and why we observe. Theory Founders Description psychodynamic Freud, Erikson Drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavioral (learning theory) John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, B. F. Skinner, Albert Bandura Study of observable behavior; describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned. cognitive Jean Piaget Focus on changes in how people think over time; also thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.

What are Freud’s psychosexual stages? Birth to 1 year 1 -3 years 3 -6 years 6 -11 years Adolescence Adulthood Freud (Psychosexual) Oral Stage The lips, tongue, and gums are the focus of pleasurable sensations in the baby´s body, and sucking and feeding are the most stimulating activities Anal Stage Phallic Stage Latency The anus is the focus of pleasurable sensations in the baby´s body, and toilet training is the most important activity The phallus, or penis, is the most important body part, and pleasure is derived from genital simulations. Boys are proud of their penises; girls wonder why they don´t have one Not really a stage, latency is an interlude during which sexual needs are quiet and children put phycics energy into conventional activities like schoolwork and sports Genital Stage The genitals are the focus of pleasurable sensations, and the young person seeks sexual stimulation and sexual satisfaction in heterosexual relationships Freud believed that the genital stage lasts throughout adulthood. He also said that the goal of a healthy life is “to love and to work” 7

What are Erikson’s psychosocial stages? Birth to 1 year 1 -3 years 3 -6 years 6 -11 years Adolescence Erikson (Psychosocial) Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Industry vs. Inferiority Identify vs. Role Confusion Babies either trust that others will care for their basics needs including nourishment, warmth, cleanliness, and physical contact, or develop mistrust about the care of others Children either become selfsufficient in many activities including toileting, feeding, walking, exploring, and talking or doubt their own abilities Children either want to undertake many adultlike activities or internalize the limits and the prohibitions set by parents. They feel either adventurous or guilty Children busily learn to be competent and productive in mastering new skills or feel inferior, unable to do anything as well as they wish they could Adolescents try to figure out “Who am I? ” They estabilish sexual, political, religious, and vocational identities or are confused about what roles to play 8

Behaviorism The study of observable behavior, and theory (learning theory) explaining the acquisition of habits and competencies. The study of observable behavior, and theory (learning What are three behavioral learning processes? theory) explaining the acquisition of habits and social learning theory: competencies. classical conditioning (respondent conditioning): The learning process by which a natural (unconditioned) response (e. g. fear when seeing a lion out of a cage) becomes triggered by a formerly neutral stimulus by repeatedly pairing it with the stimulus that naturally triggers that response. Behaviorism An extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person’s behavior. Even without specific reinforcement, every individual learns many things through observation and imitation of other people. operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning): The learning process by which a particular action is followed by something desired (which makes the person or animal more likely to repeat the action) or by something unwanted (which makes the action less likely to be repeated. ) 9

Behaviorism: Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning (respondent conditioning): The learning processes by which a meaningful stimulus is connected with a neutral stimulus that had no special meaning before conditioning.

11 Classical Conditioning Sovfoto Ideas of classical conditioning originate from old philosophical theories. However, it was the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov who elucidated classical conditioning. His work provided a basis for later behaviorists like John Watson. Ivan Pavlov (1849 -1936)

12 Pavlov’s Experiments Before conditioning, food (Unconditioned Stimulus, US) produces salivation (Unconditioned Response, UR). However, the tone (neutral stimulus) does not.

13 Pavlov’s Experiments During conditioning, the neutral stimulus (tone) and the US (food) are paired, resulting in salivation (UR). After conditioning, the neutral stimulus (now Conditioned Stimulus, CS) elicits salivation (now Conditioned Response, CR)

The White coat syndrome is an everyday example of classically conditioned behavior. Just the sight of a doctor’s white coat (the stimulus) causes blood pressure to rise (the response) in some people. 120/80 Healthy 14

Behaviorism: Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning): The learning process by which a particular action is followed by something desired or by something unwanted in order to promote or prevent an action. Reinforcement: A technique for conditioning behavior in which that behavior is followed by something pleasant. . Punishment: A technique for conditioning behavior in which that behavior is followed by something unpleasant.

16 Using Thorndike's law of effect as a starting point, Skinner developed the Operant chamber, or the Skinner box, to study operant conditioning. Walter Dawn/ Photo Researchers, Inc. From The Essentials of Conditioning and Learning, 3 rd Edition by Michael P. Domjan, 2005. Used with permission by Thomson Learning, Wadsworth Division Operant Chamber

What happens when a child gets a hug for “good” behavior? When a gambler hits a jackpot by pulling the lever on a slot machine? What happens when a teenager is grounded for receiving low grades?

Behaviorism: Social Learning Theory Social learning theory: Emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person’s behavior, involving learning by observation and imitation.

Bandura's Bobo doll study (1961) indicated that individuals (children) learn through imitating others who receive rewards and punishments. Courtesy of Albert Bandura, Stanford University Behaviorism: Social Learning Theory

Cognitive Theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time. Age Name Characteristics Birth to 2 years Sensorimotor Infants use senses and motor abilities to understand the world. Learning is active; there is no conceptual or reflective thought 2 - 6 years Preoperational Children think magically and poetically, using language to understand the world. Thinking is egocentric, causing children to perceive the world from their own perspective 6 – 11 years Concrete operational Children understand apply logical operations, or principles, to interpret experiences objectively and rationally. Their thinking is limited to what they can personally see, hear, touch and experience 12 years through adulthood Formal operational Adolescents and adults think about abstractions and hypothetical concepts and reason analytically. They can be logical about things they have never experienced

Jean Piaget (1896 -1980) studied how children’s thinking changes with time and experience—and how their thought processes affect their behavior. During Piaget’s observations of children, their wrong answers caught his attention since how children think turned out to be much more revealing that what they knew.

Cognitive Theory: Information Processing Information processing: A perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data. sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output. Selective attention: The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others

Emergent Theories: Sociocultural Theory Development results from the dynamic interaction of each person with the surrounding social and cultural forces. Lev Vygotsky (1896 -1934), a Russian psychologist, pioneered the sociocultural perspective. Each person develops competencies taught by more skilled members of the society who are tutors or mentors in what he called an “apprenticeship of thinking. ”

Emergent Theories: Evolutionary Perspective What are you more scared of? Which fear would have helped our ancestors survive? Scared of death by snake? 1 death in a billion Scared of death by car? In 2009, 1 U. S. death in 5, 000 (rates higher in some other countries) selective adaptation: Process by which genes that enhance survival and reproductive ability are selected and, over generations, become more frequent. 24

Emergent Theories: Evolutionary Theory Scared of death by snake? 1 death in a billion Scared of death by car? In 2009, 1 U. S. death in 5, 000 (rates higher in some other countries) selective adaptation: Process by which genes that enhance survival andbyreproductive ability are and selected selective adaptation: Process which genes that enhance survival reproductive are selected and, over generations, more frequent. and, overability generations, become more become frequent. 25

Developmental Theories Psychodynamic: Freud, Erikson Behaviorism: Skinner, Watson, Bandura Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Social Learning Theory Cognitive Theory: Piaget Information Processing Socio-Cultural Theory Evolutionary Theory