HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Chapter 19 THE COLD WAR Section 1: Healing the Wounds of War Section 2: The Cold War Begins Section 3: The Cold War Turns Hot Section 4: The Cold War at Home 1 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: Healing the Wounds of War Objectives: l What actions did Allied forces take to stabilize Germany and Japan after the war? l How did the Allied Powers try war criminals? l Why was the United Nations founded, and how was it organized? l What events led to the founding of the new country of Israel, and how did Arab countries respond? 2 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: Healing the Wounds of War Stabilizing Germany l Germany divided into four occupation zones under Allied control. l Nazi Party crushed and local governments re -established. l Refugees returned to their homes. 3 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: Healing the Wounds of War Stabilizing Japan l Militarism ended. l Democratic government created, with a constitution. l Economy reformed. 4 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: Healing the Wounds of War crimes trials l Some Nazi leaders were sentenced to death, but most received jail sentences, and many Nazis escaped. l Among the Japanese sentenced to death was Japan’s premier, Hideki Tojo. l Trials set important standards for international law and the conduct of war. l The trials established that countries and individuals were accountable for their actions during war. 5 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: Healing the Wounds of War The United Nations l l l 6 founded to promote world peace, human rights, and equality founded to show respect for justice and treaty obligations founded to aid social progress and improve standards of living General Assembly included all member nations. Security Council included U. S. , Great Britain, France, China, the Soviet Union, and 10 additional rotating members. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: Healing the Wounds of War The founding of Israel l Many European Jews sought a home in Palestine after the Holocaust. l Britain had ruled Palestine since World War I but could not resolve conflicting claims to it. l The UN created a partition plan and the British withdrew. l Jews accepted the plan and proclaimed the state of Israel. l Arabs rejected the proposal and attacked Israel. 7 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 2: The Cold War Begins Objectives: l What caused the Cold War, and what was the U. S. strategy during the Cold War? l How did the U. S. government try to control the development of atomic weapons? l How did the Marshall Plan help block the spread of communism in Europe? l How did the Western Allies respond to Soviet expansion? 8 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 2: The Cold War Begins The Cold War l Major economic, political, and philosophical differences between U. S. and Soviet Union made them enemies. l As Soviet Union expanded, U. S. responded with policy of containment. 9 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 2: The Cold War Begins Control of atomic weapons l Baruch Plan imposed penalties on countries that did not follow international rules. l Atomic Energy Act created the Atomic Energy Commission in the U. S. to oversee research and promote peacetime uses of atomic energy. 10 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 2: The Cold War Begins The Marshall Plan l alleviated economic problems so countries were less vulnerable to communism l stabilized European economies l led to European economic recovery 11 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 2: The Cold War Begins Western Allies’ responses to Soviet expansion l created NATO l created Federal Republic of Germany l supplied West Berlin during Soviet blockade 12 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 3: The Cold War Turns Hot Objectives: l How did the Chinese Communists gain control of China? l What factors led to the escalation of the conflict in Korea? l What were the domestic and international effects of the Korean War? l What methods did President Eisenhower use to promote U. S. interests abroad? 13 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 3: The Cold War Turns Hot Chinese Communists gain control of China l Instability of the republic of 1911 led to civil war. l The two factions, Nationalists and Communists, cooperated against the Japanese. l Communists successfully resisted Japan in Northwest China, and instituted land reforms, which gained them popular support. l Most of China under Communist control by 1949; Nationalists had retreated to Taiwan. l People’s Republic of China established. 14 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 3: The Cold War Turns Hot Factors that escalated the conflict in Korea l Allies divided Korea into two zones, and North and South Korea set up separate governments. l When the U. S. and the Soviet Union pulled their troops out, North and South Korea clashed along the 38 th parallel. l North Korea invaded South Korea, and the UN named North Korea the aggressor. l U. S. pledged support for South Korea and UN forces went to its defense. l China entered war on North Korea’s side. 15 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 3: The Cold War Turns Hot Effects of the Korean War l There were millions of deaths. l Borders of North and South Korea remained almost unchanged. l Truman and the Democrats lost popularity while Eisenhower and the Republicans became more popular. 16 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 3: The Cold War Turns Hot Eisenhower’s methods for promoting U. S. interests l used CIA covertly in Guatemala and Iran l issued the Eisenhower Doctrine offering military aid to Middle Eastern nations who resisted Communist aggression l refused to support Hungarian rebels 17 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 4: The Cold War at Home Objectives: l What actions did the U. S. government take to limit communism at home, and how did these actions affect daily life in America? l How was Senator Joseph Mc. Carthy able to play upon Americans’ fears of communism? l How did Americans react to the prospect of nuclear war? 18 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 4: The Cold War at Home Government actions to limit communism at home l Internal Security Act required Communist Party members to register with the federal government and imposed immigration controls on sympathizers. l Loyalty Review Board investigated more than 20, 000 federal employees, firing many. l HUAC investigated peace organizations, liberal groups, labor unions, the movie industry, and individuals, causing blacklisting and other damage. l Public hysteria was created and many Americans’ civil rights were violated. 19 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 4: The Cold War at Home Mc. Carthy’s use of American fears l claimed to have evidence of Communists infiltrating the U. S. government l used his Senate subcommittee to question the patriotism of hundreds of government workers l ruined many reputations and cost people their jobs 20 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 4: The Cold War at Home American reaction to possibility of nuclear war l Many turned to religion. l Some built bomb shelters. l Air-raid drills conducted in schools and public places. l Civil Defense education programs conducted. l SANE established. l Arms race and space exploration supported. 21 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON