Heavy Quarks and Heavy Quarkonia as Tests of

Heavy Quarks and Heavy Quarkonia as Tests of Thermalization Jamie Nagle University of Colorado at Boulder for the PHENIX Collaboration Quark-Gluon Plasma Thermalization Vienna Workshop August 10, 2005 1

Outline In the PHENIX White Paper (Nucl. Phys. A 757, 2005 I&II) we reported the following. • At RHIC we have created bulk matter at energy densities well above that predicted by Lattice QCD for the transition to a Quark Gluon Plasma. • We also conclude that the energy is dominantly equilibrated at very early times (< 2 fm/c), which is when the energy density is highest. We want to push these conclusions further utilizing new data presented at the Quark Matter Conference on heavy quark dynamics and heavy quarkonia suppression. 2

Charm Thermalization At Quark Matter 2002, we suggested that our PHENIX nonphotonic electron data may be consistent with charm thermalization and hydrodynamic flow. Many dismissed this hypothesis, and yet now this is the commonly held belief in the field and supported by new experimental data. The large mass of the charm quark means that only very strong interactions can bring it into equilibrium. Batsouli et al. , PLB 557, 26(2003) 3

Detailed Theory In a calculation by Teaney and Moore (hep-ph/0412346), they calculate the expected elliptic flow (v 2) and transverse momentum modifications for different charm quark diffusion coefficients. The two effects go hand in hand. 4

Heavy Quarkonia Lattice QCD results show that the confining potential between heavy quarks is screened at high temperature. V(r)/ Lattice QCD calculation r This screening should suppress bound states such as J/y. However, recent lattice results indicate that the J/y spectral functions only show modest modification near the critical 5 temperature, and thus may not be suppressed until higher T.

PHENIX Experiment Designed to measure electrons, muons, photons and hadrons. Key Parameters: Electrons: -0. 35 < y < +0. 35 Radiation Length < 0. 4% PID with RICH/EMC Muons: 1. 2 < |y| < 2. 2 Very high data and trigger bandwidth 6

Earlier PHENIX Charm Results PHENIX Theory: Greco, Ko, Rapp: S. S. Adler, et al. , PRL 94 082301 Binary scaling of total open charm yield PLB 595 (2004) 202 S. S. Adler, et al. , nucl-ex/0502009 accepted in PRC First observation of charm flow 7

New Electron Results Signal/Background Run 04: X=0. 4% Run 02: X=1. 3% S/B > 1 for p. T > 1 Ge. V/c We use two different methods to determine the non-photonic 8 electron contribution (cocktail subtraction and converter method)

Non-Photonic Electron Spectra Proton-Proton Baseline Gold-Gold Suppression 9

Suppression of High p. T Charm 10

Theory Comparison (1) q_hat = 0 Ge. V 2/fm (4) d. Ng / dy = 1000 (2) q_hat = 4 Ge. V 2/fm (3) q_hat = 14 Ge. V 2/fm Theory curves 11 (1 -3) from N. Armesto, et al. , hep-ph/0501225 (4) from M. Djordjevic, M. Gyulassy, S. Wicks, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 112301

Beauty Limits Suppression Factor? 12 M. Djordjevic et al. , nucl-th/0507019

Not All Theorists Agree Now Armesto et al. also include beauty and can find consistent results with RAA = 0. 4 13

Not All Experiments Agree Either 0. 4 0. 2 RAA agrees, but the proton-proton references are different by ~ 50%. Also, can theory resolve an RAA suppression 14 value of 0. 2? Is the parton density then too high?

Upsilon Result 15 Measurements on beauty will help significantly.

Non-Photonic Electron Flow PHENIX Preliminary 16

Comparison Not shown were "30 -40%" systematic errors. 17

Kinematics Reminder Df between D and electron p. T electron between 0. 25 Ge. V, 1. 25 Ge. V, 2. 25 Ge. V Using FOCUS experiment simulation of decays. Example D v 2 and resulting electron v 2. . . Similar calculation for B v 2 reveals electron v 2 is always zero up to higher p. T. 18

Theory Comparison Theory curves from: Greco, Ko, Rapp: Phys. Lett. B 595 (2004) 202 19

PHENIX "Direct Comparison Data Results is Certainly Speak for. Misguided. . . " Themselves PHENIX Preliminary 20

Heavy Quarkonia Note that most theories so far treat the topics of heavy quarks and heavy quarkonia quite separately, but they are intimately related. 21

Many Effects Need Accounting before Pre-resonance absorption Quarkonium state in bath of hadrons/partons 22

Nuclear PDF Modifications anti-shadowing 23

PHENIX Deuteron-Gold Data 24

MEDIUM MODIFICATIONS CHARM AND CHARMONIUM IN HIGH-ENERGY HEAVY ION COLLISIONS. FORIN JOF /AU+AU PSI SUPPRESSION BY PERCOLATION. J / PREDICTIONS PSI PRODUCTION COLLISIONS AT PARTON RHIC AND THE NUCLEAR ABSORPTION. CHARM COALESCENCE AT RHIC. By BASELINE L. Grandchamp (LBL, Berkeley), R. Rapp (Texas A-M), G. E. Brown Stony Brook), . Mar 2004. 4 pp. COLD MATTER EFFECTS ON J/PSI PRODUCTION IN AARHIC. COLLISIONS. THE ONSET OF DECONFINEMENT IN NUCLEAR COLLISIONS. By S. Chaudhuri Digal, S. Fortunato (Bielefeld U. ), H. Satz (CFIF, Lisbon), . BI-TP-2003 -30, Oct 2003. 12 pp. U By A. K. (Calcutta, VECC), . Jul 2003. 4 pp. MOMENTUM CHARMONIUM J/PSI ULTRARELATIVISTIC TRANSPORT SPECTRA CHEMISTRY IN NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS QGP OF CHARMONIUM AND IN(Frankfurt A+A P(T) COLLISIONS DISTRIBUTION PRODUCED COLLISIONS AT RELATIVISTIC AT IN(SUNY, SPS AAND QUARK-GLUON AND THE ENERGIES. QUARK PLASMA. GLUON PLASM By A. P. Kostyuk, M. I. Gorenstein U. & BITP, Kiev), Horst Stoecker, W. Greiner (Frankfurt Talk given at 17 th International Conference on Ultra Relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions (Quark Matter 2004), O By R. Vogt (LBL, Berkeley &Zhuang UC, U. ), Davis), . LBNL-58155, Jul 2005. 7 pp. By H. R. L. Satz (Bielefeld U. ), . May 1999. 15 pp. Published in Eur. Phys. J. C 32: 547 -553, 2004 e-Print Archive: nucl-th/0307029 By By By E. L. Xiang-lei A. Andronic, Thews Bratkovskaya Zhu, (Arizona P. Peng-fei Braun-Munzinger (Frankfurt U. ), M. L. Mangano (Tsinghua A. P. (Darmstadt, Kostyuk (CERN), . U. , GSI), . Beijing), (Frankfurt CERN-PH-TH-2005 -073, Feb Nu U. 2004. Xu & BITP, (LBL, 32 pp. Berkeley), . Kiev), May W. Cassing 2005. Nov 2004. 26 pp. (Giesse 6 pp. Published in Phys. Rev. C 68: 041902, 2003 Published in J. Phys. G 30: S 1355 -S 1358, 2004 e-Print Archive: nucl-th/0507027 Plenary talk given at 14 th International Conference. Summer on Ultrarelativistic Collisions (QM e-Print Archive: hep-ph/0310354 e-Print Published Lectures Archive: given inin Phys. Rev. C 69: 054903, 2004 Phys. Lett. B 607: 107 -114, 2005 nucl-th/0505055 at 8 th Hispalensis International School on Nucleus-Nucleus Exotic Nuclear Physics, Seville e-Print Archive: hep-ph/0403204 e-Print Archive: hep-ph/0305277 Published in Nucl. Phys. A 661: 104 -118, 1999 e-Print. Archive: nucl-th/0402042 nucl-th/0411093 hep-ph/0402291 IN e-Print MEDIUM EFFECTS ON CHARMONIUM PRODUCTION IN HEAVY ION COLLISIONS. e-Print Archive: hep-ph/9908339 By Loic Grandchamp (SUNY, Stony Brook & Lyon, IPN), Ralf Rapp (Nordita), Gerald E. Brown (SUNY, Stony Brook What do the Theorists Have to Say? Published in Phys. Rev. Lett. 92: 212301, 2004 e-Print Archive: hep-ph/0306077 25

Finally, What Does the Data Say! Normal Nuclear Absorption Expectation Sigma(j-N) = 3. 0 +/- 1. 5 mb Au. Au (red band) Cu. Cu (blue band) 26

Normal Nuclear + Shadowing Forward rapidity 27

Looks Like CERN Suppression? 28

NA 50 Conclusions “A clear onset of the anomaly is observed. It excludes models based on hadronic scenarios since only smooth behavior with monotonic derivatives can be inferred from such calculations” Phys. Lett. B 450, 456 (1999). Model assuming: • charm production scales as DY • color octet c-c is absorbed by nucleons with a = 6. 2 mb • no absorption with comovers p, r 29

Monotonic Derivatives 30

Too Much Suppression in Theory! 31

Astonishing Observation! Many indications of enormous density of medium, and yet quarkonia states survive? Lattice expected? 32

Regeneration 33

Needed Input of Total Charm Input from both STAR and PHENIX is needed. 34

Transverse Momentum Cu+Cu (|y| [1. 2, 2. 2]) We fit the pt spectrum using Au+Au (|y| [1. 2, 2. 2]) to extract <p t 2> 35

Hydrodynamic? Calculation is a parameter free hydrodynamic flow result using parameters from nucl-th/0212068. Arbitrary normalization. PHENIX Preliminary Gold-Gold Central 0 -20% J/y for |y|<0. 35 36

Balancing Effects 37

Rapidity Dependence 38

Common Feature: Rapidity Narrowing 39 See talk by Thews

More in the Future. . . Copper-Copper 200 Ge. V J/y |y| = 1. 2 -2. 2 If only chi-c suppression at SPS, then RHIC Cu-Cu should show immediate and 40% suppression relative to normal nuclear? • Reduce systematic errors and finalize Cu. Cu and Au. Au data. • Improved statistics for baseline Run-5 Proton-Proton and future p-A or d-A • Working on J/y v 2, but statistically very challenging with Run-4 and Run-5 data sets. 40

Summary A wealth of new PHENIX data on heavy quarks and heavy quarkonia. We will work hard to push these results to submitted publications. Charm is a very optimal probe of thermalization and properties of the medium, but the price for this may well be the loss of a probe via quarkonia for deconfinement. 41

Backup Slides 42

Participant Scaling? 43

Charm Quarks and Thermalization. . Salgado - charm energy loss including mass effects and gluon effects 44

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Magdalena - charm and beauty energy loss and mass effects 46

Molnar 47

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More Regeneration 49

Uncovering Nature’s Secrets is Not Easy • • Over 500 people, over 10 countries Tons of steel, specialized detectors Thousands of custom electronic chips and boards Transmitting over 5 Gigabytes of data per second Collect the Data! 50