Geographical profiling of serial offenders Prof Craig Jackson

Geographical profiling of serial offenders Prof Craig Jackson As serial murder offending spaces evolve, can geographical profiling help investigations? School of Social Sciences Faculty of Business, Law & Social Sciences

Overview • Criminal / Offender profiling does not work • Geo profiling has high potential to catch serial offenders • Consider relationship between work and offending • The role and context of driving, remoteness & isolation • How do offenders ‘move through their worlds’? • Don’t explore murderers’ minds – explore their environment

Offender Profiling does not work

John Snow – The Broad Street Pump

The Croydon Cat Killer (live investigation)

Convicted UK Serial Murderers Drivers / Travellers Authority / Respectability Health Care Unemployed / Petty crime Archibald Hall John Haigh Beverley Allit Steve Grieveson Harold Shipman Peter Manuel Peter Sutcliffe Michael Copeland John Duffy George Chapman Colin Norris Kenneth Erskine David Mulcahy Reg Christie Neil Cream Patrick Mackay Fred West Steven Griffiths John Bodkin-Adams Colin Ireland Peter Moore Ian Brady Trevor Hardy Robert Black Myra Hindley George Smith Levi Bellfield Dennis Nilsen Mark Martin Peter Tobin Rose West Steve Wright Michael Kitto

The age of transit and movement Jacques Lantier and "Lison" in La Bete Humaine, Emile Zola (1890)

The age of transit and movement

The age of transit and movement

Structural approach: Vehicle use Enables trolling / stalking Fantasy space - anchor point Covert trial runs Extends Offending space Valid reason for solitude / alibi Gives authority / makes respectable Reduces likelihood of victim being related to offender Crosses police boundaries

FBI roadmap: Major crime investigations

Dennis Rader aka the BTK murders Service in USAF ADT home security installer (1980 s) Graduate Kansas State University (Computer science and forensics) Scout Leader (1980 s 1990 s) Church Minister City compliance officer (1990 s)

Workplace clues assist investigations Latitude & Independence Manifestos Skills / Training e. g. knots, ligatures, chemicals, processes butchery, stalking, record-snooping Tools - imprints, technique, misuse, tapes, chemicals

Workplace clues assist investigations Jokes with colleagues / Boasts Stories / Narratives / Slips Sickness absence data Pre-employment interview / medical assessment Colleague hunches and suspicions Offending space within work duties

Think about "work" Larry D Hall Civil War Re-enactment Label Identity Judge others & selves Five days per week Fifty years of your life Voluntarily “trapped” Cary Stayner Forestry worker Westonaria serial murderer "Taxi driver" Muldersdrift rapist Offering work Train worker

The imprint work makes on us Work leaves imprint on most people Physical, Psychological, Behavioural, Linguistic Imprints van be specific to specific: Occupation Processes Companies Chemicals Industrial "acute" injury - scars, removals, mutilations Chronic disease / effects - mesothelioma, COPD, hearing loss

Existing routine data Shift routines Occ diseases - lung, spine, extremities Modifications - vehicles, posture Near misses Warnings / disciplinary procedures Complaints / investigations Annual leave / compassionate leave Sickness absence Days, spells, duration, clusters, shot v long, weekends

Growth of car and the growth of serial murder Traveling serial murderer 1960 s 1970 s boom in car ownership Expanding road network Midlands home of car manufacture Cheapest ownership in UK Social protests at work and de-skilling of Midlands man Prostitutes chased from urban streets by angry residents

Geo Profile Case #1 The Yorkshire Ripper 1975 -1980 13 murders & 7 attempted murders Dr Stuart Kind’s Assumptions about the “ripper” Had a singe base Had access to a vehicle Knew areas well Had legitimate reason to be "mobile" Offending space

Geo Profile of Yorkshire Ripper Attacks 1 A B C 2 3 4 5

The Pioneer of Geographic Profiling Prof. Stuart Kind UK govt scientist & academic Home Office Central Research Establishment Accidentally invented geo profiling Realised maps of serial crimes could predict offender base(s) Before term "offender profiling" even used Led to "Lawrence Byford" report

Principles of Geographic Profiling In a few hours, using techniques he learned as a Royal Air Force wartime navigator, Dr Kind mapped the dates and times of the killings, trying to determine the centre of gravity of the attacks. Kind realised the killer needed darkness and was trying to mislead the police as to his operational base

Principles of Geographic Profiling • Dr Kind knew the Ripper had to return to his home as soon as possible to avoid capture near the crime scene. • He deduced that the earlier in the evening an attack happened, the further away from "home" the killer was. • Attacks very late at night happened close to his base, so he could return home quickly at a decent hour. ”

Geo Profile of Yorkshire Ripper Attacks 1 A B C 2 3 4 5

Geo Profile of Yorkshire Ripper Attacks 1 A B C 2 3 4 5

But. . . offending spaces are changing New ways of working New jobs / technology / services Remote / Isolated working 1000, 000 in UK More people working more hours More flexibility required CCTV ANPR

The New Offending spaces Structural approach Not ignoring victimology Context and background of offender Leyton's homicidal protest 1000, 000 remote / isolated workers in UK (Crawford & Jackson) HQ visit median 11 days

Transport links Midlands triangle Intersection cities Increase get away options / confusion Decrease linkage likelihood Midlands prostitute murders of 1980 s 1990 s Multiple Police force boundaries

New offending spaces = New victims Bulger murder & Soham murderers Changed parenting style Child-victim access harder than ever Stranger-murder; victims changed to: Sex workers Elderly Runaways Gay men Migrants Thinking Feeling Workplace: one of the new hunting grounds Legitimate access / authority / alibi Fantasising Doing Wilson & Jones 2007

(Geographic) Profiling Systems HOLMES CATCHEM VICAP VICLAS DRAGNET Reductionist Data-Driven Hypothetico-Deductive

Geo Profile Case #2 Robert Black 1982 -1986 4 murders 2 attempted abductions 2 suspected murders Younger abductees will travel further with abductor before struggling Midland Triangle of transport routes PDS employer of Black A moving target with no firm base

Geo Profile of Black Murders

Geo Profile of Black Murders

Geo Profile of Black Deposition sites

Geo Profile Case #3 Delroy Grant aka The Night Stalker 1999 -2009 (1987? ) 2 rapes; 21 serious sexual assaults; 146 burglaries Gerontophile Waited in gardens for several hours before breaking into properties Always wore gloves

Geo Profile of Delroy Grant 1 2 5 4 3 A 11 B 15 16 1 6 10 14 2 5 13 17 8 18 7 C 3 12 4 9

Geo Profile of Delroy Grant 1 2 5 4 3 A 11 B 15 16 1 6 10 14 2 5 13 17 8 18 7 C 3 12 4 9

Geographic Profile of Delroy Grant’s attacks 1 2 5 4 3 A H 11 B 15 16 1 6 10 14 2 5 13 17 8 18 7 C 3 12 4 9

Types of Offenders Marauder Commuter Lives among victim pattern Travels to victim pattern Radiates outwards from base Base is away from victims

Geo Profile Case #4 Simon Wadland 1988 -1992 Bizarre phone calls 270 women victims Monetray gain was not the motive Mons & Tues 9 am -5 pm

Summary Working and Workplace rich source of data Coupled with Geo Profiles IF conditions optimal Evolution of serial murders creates conditions not suitable for geo profiling Placing serial murderers in broader categories neglected Impact of Occupational choice upon serial murderers Evolution of "offending space" models, incorporates more time alone in role of work

References Byford L, 1981, The Yorkshire Ripper Case, review of the police investigation. HMSO. Canter D, 2003, Mapping Murder: the secrets of geographical profiling. Virgin, London. Crawford J, Mac. Calman L, Jackson CA. 2011, In Depth Review: The Health and Wellbeing of Remote and Mobile Workers. Occup Medicine, 61: 385 -394 Jackson CA, Wilson D, Kaur-Rana B. 2011, The usefulness of criminal profiling. Criminal Justice Matters, 84: 6 -7. Kind S, 1987, 'Navigational ideas and the Yorkshire Ripper investigation', Journal of Navigation, 40, pp. 385 -393. Kind S, 1987, The Scientific Investigation of Crime, Forensic Sciences Services Ltd. Lynes A, Wilson D, Jackson CA. Zola and the Serial Killer: Robert Black and La Bête Humaine. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 2012; 1(1): 69 -80. Snook B, 2003, Serial Crime and. Distance: an analysis of serial offender spatial analysis. Unpublished Ph. D thesis - University of Liverpool Wilson D, Jackson CA, Kaur-Rana B. 2010' Against the Medical-Psychological Tradition of Understanding Serial Killing by Studying the Killers. Amicus Journal, 22: 8 -16.

Holland's RIASEC model Individuals actively "search" for jobs to match interests Pairing of workers and the jobs they do When pairing succeeds, workers are satisfied When pairing fails, worker looks around for excitement Describes Personalities & Environments Personality type gives clue to their ideal work environment Holland 1997

Holland 1997 RIASEC Model Relates to both PERSONALITY and ENVIRONMENT "Realistic" Doer "Conventional" Organiser "Enterprising" Persuader "Investigative" Thinker "Artistic” Creator "Social" Helper

"Realistics" Practical individuals Conformist Ordered Prefer objects and tools Not keen on concepts or abstracts Heuristics-driven Mechanic, Labourer, Driver

Proactive use of work in active cases Offence Discovery Investigation Offence Discovery Arrest Evidence Investigation Evidence Arrest