European Master in Lexicography EMLex Diachronic lexicography and

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European Master in Lexicography (EMLex) Diachronic lexicography and lexicology 1 Éva Buchi

European Master in Lexicography (EMLex) Diachronic lexicography and lexicology 1 Éva Buchi

Synchrony and diachrony n Synchrony? n R. L. Trask, Key Concepts in Language and

Synchrony and diachrony n Synchrony? n R. L. Trask, Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics (1999): n ‘Absence of a time element in linguistic description […]. In a synchronic approach to describing a language, we focus on that language at one moment in time’ n Diachrony? n ‘Time dimension in language. […] In a diachronic approach, we look at how language has changed over some period of time’

Diachronic lexicology n TLF 1983 s. v. indéclinable ‘invariable’ : A. ‘that cannot be

Diachronic lexicology n TLF 1983 s. v. indéclinable ‘invariable’ : A. ‘that cannot be dismissed’ B. 1. ‘without inflection’ B. 2. ‘without marking for gender nor number’ TLF-Étym 2008: B. 1. = B. 2. Diachronic studies are dependent upon synchronic studies n At least comparison of two synchronic states of a given language n Diachronic lexicology: mostly between contemporary lexicon and its origin n Lexicography: + either etymological dictionary (retrospective: synchronic analysis of contemporary lexicon is a given) + or ‘mixed’ dictionary (diachronic part of the entries based on synchronic analysis)

Etymology? n ETYMOLOGY 1 and ETYMOLOGY 2 • Ø vocable • Ø lexeme •

Etymology? n ETYMOLOGY 1 and ETYMOLOGY 2 • Ø vocable • Ø lexeme • Lexical units • Affixes (un-) • Utterances (cease fire! > CEASE-FIRE) • . . . Historical or diachronic lexicology n ETYMOLOGY 1 ‘relationship of filiation between a lexical unit and the linguistic entity or entities at its origin’ n ETYMOLOGY 2 ‘branch of linguistics that studies etymology 1’

Topicality, timelessness? • Kama Sutra • Written in the third century • Author: Vātsyāyana

Topicality, timelessness? • Kama Sutra • Written in the third century • Author: Vātsyāyana • Sanskrit • 64 auxiliary arts: 1. Singing 2. Music 3. Dance 4. Painting […] 54. Etymology 55. Lexicography

Lexemes vs. idioms n ‘Variation in form of a lexeme as required by its

Lexemes vs. idioms n ‘Variation in form of a lexeme as required by its various grammatical roles in utterances’ Etymology of idioms = neglected field n Lexeme ‘linguistic sign whose meaning can be expressed by a set of wordforms distinguished only by inflection’ n Adjustment 1: ~ and regular phonetic evolution French poire ‘pear’ and Old French peire = same lexeme! n Adjustment 2: ~ and graphemic variation Romanian romîn ‘Romanian’ and român = same lexeme!

Etymological classes (1) Inherited lexical units = normally transmitted lexical units Engl. father <

Etymological classes (1) Inherited lexical units = normally transmitted lexical units Engl. father < proto (from the common ancestor -Germanic of the language family) n n Engl. amigo < Spanish (2) Borrowings (= loan words) = lexicals units which were taken from [or: inspired by] another language n Engl. unbelievable < un- + believable (3) Internal creations = new lexical units constructed from existing materials in the same language

Fourth class? n In the field of etymology, the concepts both of lack of

Fourth class? n In the field of etymology, the concepts both of lack of knowledge and of doubt are considered highly n ‘Of unknown origin’ State of the art + arguments pro and con = marks of the true professional (amateurs don’t doubt. . . ) Example: volumes 21 -23 of FEW*: lexical units of unknown or uncertain origin (‘purgatory’) n Duden: «H[erkunft] u[ngeklärt]» n *FEW = Wartburg, Walther von et al. (1922– 2002): Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. Eine darstellung des galloromanischen sprachschatzes (25 vol. ): Bonn/Heidelberg/Leipzig-Berlin/Basel.

n Lexicographical marking Depends on each dictionary n Example: OED (Oxford English Dictionary): n

n Lexicographical marking Depends on each dictionary n Example: OED (Oxford English Dictionary): n Difference? Not difference in kind, but difference in degree: there are no unadapted borrowings! Ex. : Engl. cobra < Port. cobra (1) Inherited lexicon: «: –» (‘normal development of’) n (2) Borrowings (= loan words): «a. » (‘adopted from’) or «ad. » (‘adapted from’) + lexeme of the donor language n (3) Internal creations: «f. » (‘formed on’) + English lexemes and affixes

Duden n Middle High German (1050– 1500) Old High German (500– 1050) (1) Inherited

Duden n Middle High German (1050– 1500) Old High German (500– 1050) (1) Inherited lexicon: «mhd. x » and/or «ahd. y» not followed by «< z» nor «H. u. » n (2) Borrowings: ( «mhd. x » and/or «ahd. y» ) + ( «<» or «zu» ) + «[donor language]» + lexeme Diminutive n (3) Internal creations: «zu» or some variant (like «Vkl. zu» ) or no marking at all

TLF Trésor de la Langue Française n (1) Inherited lexicon: «Du lat. » ,

TLF Trésor de la Langue Française n (1) Inherited lexicon: «Du lat. » , «Du lat. vulg. » , «Du lat. pop. » , «Du lat. chrét. » , «Du lat. class. » + Latin lexeme n (2) Borrowings: N. B. «Empr. au» or «Empr. du» + donor «Du lat. » language + lexeme ↔ n (3) Internal creations: «Empr. du «De [ ] et de [ ]» , lat. » «Formé de [ ] et [ ]» , « Dér. de [ ], suff. [ ]» , etc. n

Inherited lexicon n Inheritance? n Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics (2000) n Proto-Indo.

Inherited lexicon n Inheritance? n Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics (2000) n Proto-Indo. European Definition of lexeme! ‘Retention in a language (possibly with some alteration in form) of a feature which was present in an ancestor of that language’ n ‘[…] For example, English father is inherited from Old English fæder, which in turn is inherited from PIE. *pətér-’

Genetic relationship n Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics (2000) n → Language family

Genetic relationship n Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics (2000) n → Language family ‘Relationship which holds between two or more languages which share a single common ancestor – that is, they all started off at some time in the past as no more than regional varieties of that ancestral language, but each has undergone so many changes not affecting the others that they have diverged into distinct languages’

Proto-language n ‘Once spoken ancestral language from which daughter languages descend’ Proto-language Language 1

Proto-language n ‘Once spoken ancestral language from which daughter languages descend’ Proto-language Language 1 Language 2 Language 3 etc.

Example 1 n Germanic languages (branch of Indo-European languages) Proto-Germanic German English Swedish etc.

Example 1 n Germanic languages (branch of Indo-European languages) Proto-Germanic German English Swedish etc.

Example 2 n Slavic languages (branch of Indo-European languages) Proto-Slavic Polish Ukrainian Russian etc.

Example 2 n Slavic languages (branch of Indo-European languages) Proto-Slavic Polish Ukrainian Russian etc.

Example 3 n Baltic languages (branch of Indo-European languages) Proto-Baltic Latvian Lithuanian Old Prussian

Example 3 n Baltic languages (branch of Indo-European languages) Proto-Baltic Latvian Lithuanian Old Prussian etc.

Example 4 n Romance languages (branch of Indo-European languages) = Spoken Latin Proto-Romance French

Example 4 n Romance languages (branch of Indo-European languages) = Spoken Latin Proto-Romance French Portuguese Spanish etc.

Example 5 n Finno-Ugric languages (branch of Uralic languages) Proto-Finno-Ugric Hungarian Finnish Estonian etc.

Example 5 n Finno-Ugric languages (branch of Uralic languages) Proto-Finno-Ugric Hungarian Finnish Estonian etc.

Example 6 n Turkic languages (branch of Altaic languages) Proto-Turkic Turkish Azerbaijani Uzbek etc.

Example 6 n Turkic languages (branch of Altaic languages) Proto-Turkic Turkish Azerbaijani Uzbek etc.

Cognate n ‘One of two or more linguistics signs (lexemes or affixes) which are

Cognate n ‘One of two or more linguistics signs (lexemes or affixes) which are directly descended from a single ancestral sign in the common ancestor of the languages in which the lexemes or affixes are found’ reconstructed Proto-Germanic *fader Engl. father Germ. Vater Dutch vader etc.

n Need for yet another concept Etymon? n Etyma pertain to a language! Etymon:

n Need for yet another concept Etymon? n Etyma pertain to a language! Etymon: signifier + signified + combinatorial properties! Engl. father ‘Linguistic sign(s) (lexical unit[s] and/or affix[es]) from which descended a given linguistic sign’ Etymon Proto-Germanic *fader Germ. Vater Dutch vader etc.

Inheritance, borrowing, creation? n Tadmor et al. in Diachronica 27 (2010)! Distinctive criteria for

Inheritance, borrowing, creation? n Tadmor et al. in Diachronica 27 (2010)! Distinctive criteria for inherited lexicon: n (1) Semantics: general, basic meaning n (2) Dating: documented from the beginning of the written tradition n (3) Cognates within the language family

Example: French mère Yes! n Semantics: general, basic meaning? Yes! ‘ 2 nd half

Example: French mère Yes! n Semantics: general, basic meaning? Yes! ‘ 2 nd half 10 th century’ ‘ 2 e moitié du Xe s. ’ n Dating: documented from the beginning? n First known French texts: 842 Serments de Strasbourg ca. 900 Chanson de sainte Eulalie ca. 930 Sermon bilingue sur Jonas ca. 1000 Passion du Christ ca. 1000 Vie de saint Léger n TLFi

Cognates within the language family? n Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke (Dübendorf 1861 – Bonn 1936) n

Cognates within the language family? n Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke (Dübendorf 1861 – Bonn 1936) n REW = Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (19353 [1911– 19201]): Romanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Winter. n Can be downloaded from the internet

REW: index Sardinian French Number by which to look up French mère

REW: index Sardinian French Number by which to look up French mère

REW 5406: Cognates Etymon

REW 5406: Cognates Etymon

Cognates within the language family? Latin (Proto-Romance) mater Yes! Portuguese madre French mère Cognates

Cognates within the language family? Latin (Proto-Romance) mater Yes! Portuguese madre French mère Cognates Spanish madre

DÉRom project n Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman n This European research project aims to replace

DÉRom project n Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman n This European research project aims to replace Meyer‑Lübke’s REW (19353) by a new Romance etymological dictionary based on linguistic reconstruction n http: //www. atilf. fr/DERom