Europe After Napoleon The isms emotional awareness of

Europe After Napoleon The “isms”

• • emotional awareness of common ties of language, customs, race and religion Nationalism grew b/c 1. improvements in transportation and communication. Since people were closer so ideas were exchanged readily 2. Improved education made people aware and proud of their past. • Defending your roots and homeland became important (poetry, literature, music) Nationalism

Growth of Nationalism and its Effects 1. 2. 3. People were now citizens of a nations, not subjects of monarchs Poles, Czechs, Greeks, Italians throw off oppressive foreign rulers to create nations World War I, World War II

1. 2. 3. 4. Nation States: States when people realized how much they had in common, the scope of their world widened so that by the late 1700 s, England, France, and Spain could be seen as nation states Manifest Destiny: Destiny A clear mission to conquer Self Determination: Determination should a national group have right to form its own government and state? In 1830, Belgians believed they had this right and won independence from the Netherlands Integral Nationalism: Nationalism belief in the superiority of one nationality over another. Hitler would use nationalism to demand complete loyalty from Germans. Forms of Nationalism

Conservatism • Defends stability and continuity in politics, society, and religion. – Values a strong monarch, a state church and the ruling abilities of nobles • Major conservatives of the 19 th C were Chateaubriand, Burke, and Metternich • Burke is founded conservatism and liked to use the word preservation

2 Views on Conservatism 1. Evolutionary and constitutional conservatism: • 2. accepted slow change and willing to guarantee certain freedoms in writing (Burke and English Conservatives) Reactionary conservatism: • • resisted change and upheld all forms of traditional authority (Metternich and most European states) less optimistic, did not trust human nature People needed guidance and training RUS, AUS, PRU

Metternich and the Congress of Vienna • • • Metternich was an AUS prince who fought liberalism and nationalism Wanted to return EUR to pre FR Rev’n days Congress of Vienna (1814) attempted to impose conservatism on the continent. It was guided by these principles: 1. Compensation 2. Legitimacy 3. Security of Europe

Compensation • Each nation wanted territory and money for their suffering throughout the past 25 years of war

Legitimacy • Restore absolutism and the deposed monarchs

Security • AUS, ENG, PRU, RUS form an alliance to secure peace in Europe • The respective leaders of the countries above were Metternich, Castlereagh, Hardenburg, and Alexander I

Territorial Agreements Made at Vienna 1. Break up Nap’s Confederation of the Rhine. Created the GER Confederation to be overseen by Austria 2. Italy carved up and divided among local and foreign rulers 3. Prussia enlarged to include Saxony 4. POL partitioned between AUS, PRU, RUS 5. Switzerland given independence 6. Sweden received Norway from Denmark and Russia received Finland from Sweden 7. Britain received Mediterranean islands 8. France restored to her boundaries of 1790

Congress of Vienna

Congress System • Designed to preserve peace in EUR. To do so the Holy Alliance and the Quadruple Alliance were formed • Holy Alliance was between AUS, RUS, PRU and was supposed to operated affairs based on Christian principles but it had little impact • Quadruple Alliance is the Holy Alliance plus England eventually France

• Designed to stop future Napoleons • International differences to be reviewed periodically • A balance of power in EUR was established • FR was allowed in b/c the philosophy was that it was better to have the FR as friend rather than foe • For the next 30 years the Alliance put down liberal and nationalistic uprisings throughout EUR Quadruple Alliance