Ethnic Enclaves and Transnational Fields Jos Luis Molina

Ethnic Enclaves and Transnational Fields José Luis Molina, Miranda J. Lubbers, and Hugo Valenzuela Globalisation, Transnationalism & Development Colloquium Maastricht Centre for Citizenship, Migration and Development (MACIMIDE) January 14, 2015 MICINN - CSO 2012 -32635 Emprendimiento Social: Embeddedness Local, Social Networking Sites y desarrollo teórico (ENCLAVE).

Research question • What is the relation between transnational structures and (ethnic) enclaves (economic and/or residential)? • What are the dynamics that account for the emergence of enclaves (serendipity, diffusion, models, circulation of work and capital, scales …).

Sections 1. Current Social Theory limitations about people, places and networks. 2. Examples of enclaves and transnational fields (or structures) 3. The case of Romanians in Castellón (Spain) 4. Methodological options.

1. Social Theory: People, places, and networks Single place Community People Homogeneous Gemeinschaft Mechanic solidarity People Diverse Gesellschaft Organic solidarity Organizations Public sites Crowds

People, places, and networks People Homogeneous People Diverse Single place Different Places Community Migration Gemeinschaft mobility Mechanic solidarity Gesellschaft Super-diversity? Organic solidarity Organizations Public sites Crowds Super-diversity?

People, places, and networks People Homogeneous People Diverse Single place Community Gemeinschaft Mechanic solidarity Places Origin Migration Diaspora mobility Gesellschaft Super. Organic solidarity diversity Organizations Public sites Crowds Super-diversity - Destination Origin and Destination Enclave Transnational field /space Circular migration … - -

Places Spatial segregation high Spatial segregation low People Homogeneous Neighborhoods Enclaves Ghettoes Condominiums Colonies (Romanians in Castellón? ) People Diverse Cluster, District? Cosmopolitanism?

2. Examples of (ethnic) enclaves connected with transnational structures • Indian shops in Lloret de Mar (Costa Brava). • Textil cluster in Uriangato-Moroleón (México)

Indians shops in Lloret de Mar

Project: Ref. : Profiles of Ethnic Entrepreneurship. (2010 -2012). Perfiles del Empresariado Étnico en España. MICINN

Comparing personal networks

Comparing Indian Owners Employees Left: owners (N=6, 270 nominations). Right: employees (N=9, 405 nominations). Geographic dispersion differences (formula 1) (M owners = 5. 58, SD = 1. 15; M employees = 6. 50, SD =. 18; t > = -2. 35, df = 8. 38, p <. 05).

Indians in Lloret de Mar

2. Textile cluster - Uriangato-Moroleón (México) Alejandro García-Macías

Moroleón

Uriangato

Moroleón

Uriangato

Moroleón

Uriangato

3. Romanians in Castellón • Bucur, R. (2011). Réseaux migratoires roumains en Espagne. Stratégies et territoires de vie à Castellón de la Plana (Comunidad Valenciana). Université d’Angers - Université Jaume I Castellón. • Bernat, J. S. , & Viruela, R. (2011). The Economic Crisis and Immigration: Romanian Citizens in the Ceramic Tile District of Castelló (Spain). Journal of Urban and Regional Analysis, III, 45– 65. • (…)

Romanians 2003 -2008

Methods for eliciting transnational networks Mazzucato et al. 2007 Mouw et al. 2014 Molina et al. 2014 Goal Measuring simultaneity. Comparing discourses and facts Measuring the effect of transnational positions in influence (contagion) Measuring transnational (emergent) structures Design Random sample (N= 106), Network survey + personal networks selected (N=33) in the destination country (Amsterdam). Binational linktracing survey (Guanajuato N=410; North Carolina or Houston N= 197) about people living or coming from Guanajuato (both sending and destination countries) Quota sample (N= 75, 25 in each group). Selection of a focal place. Personal networks in destination country (Barcelona) Matching alters recruited by Egos in Ghana (several locations)

Option 1 Mazzucato, V. (2007). Bridging boundaries with a transnational research approach: A simultaneous matched sample methodology. In M. A. (ed) Falzon (Ed. ), Multi-sited ethnography (pp. 215– 232). Farnham: Ashgate.

Method • Long preparatory phase (10 months!) identifying alters in different locations in the sending country from Egos in the destination country with multiple name generators. • Matching contacts in the most important locations with the aid of the same informants. • Simultaneous interview/ participant observation with the informants within the transnational network, identifying both transactions and local dynamics.

SMS

Option 2 • Molina, J. L. , Petermann, S. , & Herz, a. (2014). Defining and Measuring Transnational Social Structures. Field Methods. doi: 10. 1177/1525822 X 14556254

Methodology • Selecting a focal place. • Collecting personal networks geolocalised from a selected groups. • Look for different levels of embeddedness in the transnational structure (mobile, nonmobile, mixed embeddedness …) • The anonymized dataset is publicly available (http: //visone. info/wiki/index. php/Signos_%2 8 data%29).

Filipino (“tunnel”)

Sikh (“funnel”)

Chinese (“diaspora” …)

Option 3 • Mouw, T. , Chavez, S. , Edelblute, H. , Verdery, A. , Carolina, N. , & Hill, C. (2014). Binational Social Networks and Assimilation  A Test of the Importance of Transnationalism. Social Problems, 61(3), 329– 359. doi: 10. 1525/sp. 2014. 12192.

Method • Link-traced sample: selection of “seeds” in both Mexico and the USA (“people from Guanajuato”). • Seeds: 12 in North Carolina and 5 in Houston 20 in Guanajuato. Controls RDS-like.

* White nodes are located in the United States (North Carolina or Houston) and black nodes are located in Mexico. Mow et al. 2014.

Missing data or no connections?

How to proceed? • Ethnographic account. • Quota sampling of Romanians in Castellón. • Personal networks with at least 3 name generators – Active contacts in Castellón. – Active contacts in Dambovita. – Active contacts in other places. • • Whole network of associations – organizations. Fieldwork in Romania tracing back the contacts. Same methodology … Whole network + personal networks.

The world is not flat … • Network of “organizations” and associations in Castellón and related organizations in Dambovita. • Multilevel analysis: whole network of individuals and whole network of organizations.

Csango de Moldavia (Hanna Kónya) Red de todos los nombrados en el “asunto Csang”o por ubicación Figura 7: Red de todos los nombrados en el asunto Csango por ubicación y su pertenencia o falta de esta al grupo Csango Leyenda: ●Moldavia, ● Rumania pero Moldavia, ● Hungría, ● Otros, ●No hay datos; ○Csango, □ No Csango.

Hope?

Thanks to Ramona Bucur and Alejandro García Macías for sharing with me their maps. Thanks for your attention! joseluis. molina@uab. cat