Essential Fatty Acids Alphalinolenic An omega 3 fatty

Essential Fatty Acids • • Alpha-linolenic An omega 3 fatty acid EPA and DHA Eicosanoids • Linoleic • An omega 6 fatty acid • Dihomo-gammalinolenic and arachidonic acids • Eicosanoids 1

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Fat Replacements • Water • Protein • Carbohydrates – Starch derivatives, fiber and gums • Engineered fats – Olestra – Salatrim 4

Mediterranean Diet • Up to 40% kcal from fat is healthy if mostly MUFA • Traditional diet features: – Olive oil as main fat – Abundant fruits & vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts, and seeds – Daily intake of Small amounts of cheese and yogurt – Weekly fish intake; limited use of eggs and red meat – Regular exercise and rest – Moderate wine intake 5

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Figure 6. 19 1 a 1 b 2 a Chylomicron remnant to liver. Absorbed fat travels as chylomicron. Fat leaves liver and travels as VLDL. 2 b Fat to body cells via lipoprotein lipase VLDL Intestine Chylomicron Liver VLDL remnant Also called IDL c 1 c Fat to body cells after breakdown by lipoprotein lipase 3 a LDL taken up by receptor pathways (in body cells) HDL LDL c HDL c 4 3 b HDL arises from the liver and intestine and buds off other lipoproteins. HDL transfers cholesterol from body cells mostly to other lipoproteins for disposal. c Cholesterol LDL taken up by scavenger pathways (in blood vessels), especially oxidized LDL

• Receptor Pathway – LDLs taken up by cells, broken down, and components utilized – Excess in blood become oxidized 11

• Scavenger Pathway – White blood cells remove oxidized LDLs – Cholesterol can build up in these cells and kill them; this results in plaque (atherosclerosis) • High Density Lipoproteins – Picks up cholesterol throughout the body 12

Health Concerns • • • High polyunsaturated fat intake Excessive omega-3 fat intake Imbalances in omega-3 and omega 6 fats Intake of rancid fats Diets high in trans fats Diets high in total fat 13

Preventing CVD • Total fat 20 -35% total calories • Saturated fat < 7 % total calories • Trans fat low • Polyunsaturated < 10% total calories • Monounsaturated < 20% total calories • Cholesterol < 200 mg daily • Include 2 grams plant stanols/sterols daily • Soluble fiber intake of 2030 g • Moderate sugar intake • Keep body weight at a healthy level • Increase physical activity 14