Early Modern World History 1450 1750 AP World

Early Modern World History 1450 -1750 AP World History

Important Themes • Impact of Interaction – The Development of a Global Economy • State-building • Systems of forced labor • Cultural and Intellectual Changes

Impact of Interaction – Global Economy • European Exploration – Trade shift … Asian-centered economy in global economy – Motivation = new resources, new trade routes, spread of Christianity – Asian spices – New technology • Sternpost rudder, lateen sail, magnetic compass, astrolabe – Portugal led the way … sugar plantations off the coast of Africa first …

Impact of Interaction – Global Economy • European Explorers – Bartolomeu Dias (1488) – Christopher Columbus (1492) – Vasco da Gama (1497) – Ferdinand Magellan (1519 -1522)

Impact of Interaction – Global Economy • Trading Post Empires – European goal to control trade, not conquer (Portugal first) – Built fortified cities from West Africa to East Asia – English & Dutch … joint-stock companies

Impact of Interaction – Global Economy • Colombian Exchange – Biggest change of this period was the incorporation of the Americas in the global trade network. – Global diffusion of plants, food, crops, animals, humans, and diseases. – Smallpox > 90 -95% killed – Global diffusion of food animals = increase in nutritional value of diets and population worldwide

Impact of Interaction – Global Economy • Role and impact of silver – Most abundant precious metal in the Americas – Stimulated global trade network – China’s products were in high demand silver from the Americas changed China’s economy • Role and impact of sugar – Complex production of land, labor, buildings, animals, capital, and technical skills – Required heavy labor and specialized skills ≠ use of Indian labor > African labor – Harsh working conditions for the African slaves leading to significant disease and death > Atlantic Slave Trade

State-Building • Ottoman Empire (~ 1300’s to 1923) – Turkish group … replaced Mongols’ power in the Middle East … “Gunpowder Empire” – Janissaries … 1453 > ended Byzantine Empire … Istanbul – Suleyman the Magnificent … centralized absolute monarchy … rebuilt Istanbul – Vizier – Political succession problems – Sultan’s harem very influential – Trade “middle-man” – Reached its peak in the mid-17 th century … outpaced by the Europeans in naval technology first

State-Building • Mughal Empire (1523 -mid 1700’s) • Babur’s (founder) empire temporarily replaced the long history of decentralization in India • Akbar – Abolished jizya; great patron of arts; Din-i-alahi • Taj Mahal (Shah Jahan) • Aurangzeb … ended toleration … persecutred Hindu’s

State-Building • Songhay (1464 -1591) • West African state succeeded Mali … Muslim state • Sunni Ali • Trans-Saharan trade & Gao (salt, textiles, and metal in exchange for gold and slaves) • Timbuktu’s Islamic university • Their fall coincided with the arrival of the Europeans in the late 16 th century but did not fall because of the Europeans

State-Building • Kongo (~1300’s-1600’s) • Centralized state … west coast of Central Africa • Portuguese arrival in 1482 … commercial relations at first … many Kongolese converted to Christianity • Equal relationship in the beginning … eventually Portuguese turn on King Afonso I and began systematic slave raids … undermined king • Kongo eventually lost war with Portugal in 1665

State-Building • Spanish & Portuguese in the New World • Spanish Conquistadors --- three G’s • New Spain (Mexico) & New Castille (Peru) – viceroy • Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) • Multicultural & ethnically mixed population: – Peninsulares – creoles – mestizos – mulattoes – (Natives, Africans, zambos) made up the bottom • • • Encomienda system Repartimiento system Plantation system Missionaries Roman Catholicism

State-Building • Qing Dynasty (1644 -1911) • “Manchu” • Outlawed intermarriage b/n Manchu & Chinese – Chinese were not allowed to learn Manchurian languages – Chinese men had to wear their hair in a queue as a sign of submission • Bureaucracy based on Confucian traditions – civil service examination • Active role in the global trade network • Favored stability over technological innovation

State-Building • Russian Empire (1480 -1917) – Emerged on its own after Mongol collapse – Ivan III (The Great)– strong centralized government with an absolute monarch (czar) – head of the Russian Orthodox Church – – Ivan IV the Terrible? ? expansion – Romanov family emerged and ruled until 1917 – Peter the Great – westernization – St. Petersburg – Catherine the Great – continued westernization – embraced some Enlightenment ideas – placed more restrictions on serfs and Russia expanded to Alaska

State-Building • Tokugawa Shogunate (1600 -1867) – Tokugawa Ieyasu – ended civil wars with use of western guns – then bans guns » Increased control over daimyos by making them stay in the capital of Edo (Tokyo) every other year – Contact with outside world closely controlled » No Japanese could travel abroad » Only Dutch were allowed to trade (Nagasaki) – Despite restrictions Japanese economy prospered b/c agricultural output & population increased – By 1580 > 150, 000 Japanese Christians – government ordered them tortured and executed those that remained – “Pax Tokugawa” followed

Systems of Forced Labor • Atlantic Slave Trade – Forced migration of ~ 15 million. . Outcome of the Age of Exploration and Colombian Exchange – African slave trade already existed prior to WE – Europeans tapped into well-developed slave trade – African role in slave trade? – Plantations. . Trans-Atlantic trade – Triangle Trade … “Middle Passage” – Cash crops (sugar, tobacco, cotton, coffee) – African syncretism in the New World?

Systems of Forced Labor • Encomienda System – Gave Spanish settlers the right to demand labor in the mines and fields of native peoples – Worked hard and several punished – Cortez & Pizarro introduced this system – Haciendas – Repartimiento system replaced encomienda system (required them to work but they had to be compensated) – New Castille (Peru) tapped into mita labor system (labor tax) used by Inca but workers were paid low wages

Systems of Forced Labor • Russian Serfdom – After Mongol rule many peasants owed large debts and were forced onto large estates – Government encouraged this process as a way “to regulate the peasants”. . Boyars were their masters – Serfs could be bought and sold, gambled away, and punished by their noble masters (boyars) – Serfs were illiterate and poor; paid high taxes; owned extensive labor service to their landlords (agricultural, mining, or manufacturing) – Future looked bleak

Cultural and Intellectual Changes • Renaissance (began in the 15 th century) – Crusade impact? – Greco-Roman works re-introduced … “rebirth” • new view of man as a creative and rational being • Rediscovery of ancient Greco-Roman knowledge • Unparalleled accomplishments in literature, music, and art • Celebration of the human individual (humanism) – – Medici family impact? Leonardo da Vinci … “Renaissance Man” Eventually moved to northern Europe Gutenberg’s printing press

Cultural and Intellectual Changes • Reformation (early 16 th century) – Renaissance created an atmosphere that encouraged debate and criticism of the existing order – Catholic Church = great power – Martin Luther (1517) & “Ninety-Five Theses” • Divisions of the papacy, in which more than one Pope claimed authority • Some religious traditions and rituals were not derived from the Scriptures • Corrupt practices such as the sale of indulgences • Church finances and income • Lack of piety in the priesthood – Excommunication of Luther – Protestants spread from central Europe to Holland, Switzerland, and Scandinavia.

Cultural and Intellectual Changes • Reformation (cont. ) – Major outcomes of the Protestant movement: • Redrawing of the religious map of Europe > Protestants dominated the north, Catholics the south • A decline in the power of the Roman Catholic Church • Further power strugglesv between the citizenry and monarchs – England (Civil War, Protestants took Parliament, king executed) • Series of religious wars pitted Catholics vs. Protestants for the next 200 years (Thirty Years’ War 1618 -1648)