UNIT 7 THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD THE AGE

UNIT 7 THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD: THE AGE OF GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES (ART OF THE RENAISSANCE)

LEARN ABOUT THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHANGES THAT TOOK PLACE IN THE 15 TH AND 16 TH CENTURES IDENTIFY THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MONARCHIES OF THIS PERIOD STUDY HOW THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS BEGAN TO CREATE A MONERN STATE ON THE IBERIAN PENINSULA LEARN ABOUT THE EXPANSION IN THE 15 TH CENTURY STUDY THE REFORMATION AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION LEARN AND ANALYSE THE RENAISSANCE ART

THE NEW CONCEPTION OF THE WORLD THE IDEA THAT THE EARTH IS FLAT WAS CONSIDERED TO BE TRUE FOR A LONG TIME. IMAGINE A DEBATE BETWEEN SOMEONE WHO SAYS THE EARTH IS FLAT AND ANOTHER WHO SAYS ITS IS ROUND. WHAT ARGUMENTS WOULD YOU USE?

THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD A NUMBER OF IMPORTANT TRANSFORMATIONS TOOK PLACE IN EUROPE BETWEEN THE 15 TH AND THE 16 TH CENTURIES: THE RISE OF E H T C F APITALIS O H M T S W S O A GR CL E E H L T D MID RISIS IN THE C THAT N O I G I L RE SCHISM A D E S CAU THERE ARE, HOWEVER, TWO SIGNIFICANT EVENTS THAT ARE USUALLY TAKEN AS THE BEGINNING OF THIS NEW PERIOD THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD, 15 TH AND 16 TH CENTURIES, IS NAMED THE AGE OF GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES 1 2 THE REVOLUTION IN EDUCATIO N THAT WAS BROUGHT ABOUT BY HUM ANISM ALL OF THEM WERE SIGNS OF HISTORIC CHANGES THE END OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE IN 1453, WHEN CONSTANTINOPLE WAS CONQUERED BY THE TURKS THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA IN 1492

Admiral Zheng He Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide! 1371 -1435

Zheng He’s Voyages In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!

THE CAUSES OF GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES BY THE END OF THE 15 TH CENTURY THE KNOWN THERE WERE VARIOUS REASON WORD FOR EUROPEANS WAS COMPARATIVELY S W HI CH MA DE TH E DISCOVERIES SMALL: IT CONSISTED OF EUROPE, THE OF NEW LANDS POSSIBLE MEDITERRANEAN, AND PARTS OF ASIA AND AFRICA. POLITICA AFTER THE RECONQUISTA OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA L THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS WANTED TO CONTINUE THEIR EXPANSION IN AFRICA I HE TURKS, THE T M Y B O E N L P O O C IN T E N ST OF CONSTA ROUS. THEY C WITH THE CONQUE S TO ASIA BECAME MORE DANGE E AND TO RAD OUTE SS THE SPICE T E TRADITIONAL R C C A O T S E T EW ROU M THE EAST O R F S T C U D LOOKED FOR N O R YP OTHER LUXUR IN I A T IF B O T N IE SC C THE IDEA THAT THE EARTH WAS A SPHERE BEGAN TO BE SERIOUSLY DISCUSSED AS BOOKS THAT PROMOTED THIS THEORY, LIKE TECHNIC PTOLOMY´S GEOGRAPHY, BECAME BETTER KNOWN INVENTIONS S AL UCH AS THE C OMPASS AND SEA NAVIGAT THE ASTROLA ION FOR SAIL BE IMPROVED O R S. M BUILT AND NE ODERN SHIPS T LIKE CARAVE , AND MORE A ICALHERE WAS A W L WERE C G C U O R A T L E N MAPS, WERE EW, MO THAT EN IDEO AVAILABLE RE ADV COURAG E N T U R ED THE OUS ME TERRITO EXPLOR N RIES AN ATION O TALITY D THE S F NEW EARCH SOURCE F O R THE N S OF WE EW ALTH

INVENTIONS THAT IMPROVED NAVIGATION IT ALLOWS THE SAILORS TO NAVIGATE AT NIGHT BY THE STARS AND WITHOUT HAVING THE COUAST IN SIGHT IT SHOWS THE FOUR CARDINAL DIRECTIONS (NORTH, SOUTH, EAST AND WEST) COMPASS ASTROLABE NEW MAPS COPYING THE OLD PTOLOMY´S MODEL AND DRAWN UP SCIENTIFICAL LY FROM PARALLELS AND MERIDIANS MAPS CARAVEL

THE EXPLORATIONS OF THE PORTUGUESES PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR STARTED PROMOTING SEA TRAVEL IN THE MID FITEENTH CENTURY. THE PURPOSE OF PORTUGUESE EXPEDITIONS WAS TO LEARN WHAT WAS BEYOND THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE AND WHETHER IT WAS POSSIBLE TO REACH THE EAST INDIES BT SEA INITIAL RIVALRY WITH CASTILLA WAS RESOLVED WITH THE TREATY OF ALCAÇOVAS (1479), WHEN CASTILLA ACCEPTED PORTUGAL´S RIGTH TO EXPLORE THE AFRICAN COAST IN EXCHANGE FOR SPAIN HAVING CONTROL OVER THE CANARY ISLANDS IN SUCCESIVE EXPEDITIONS THE PORTUGUESE OCCUPIED THE ISLANDS OF MADEIRA, THE AZORES AND CAPE VERDE. IN 1460 THEY REACHED THE GULF OF GUINEA AND IN 1488 BARTOLOME DÍAZ ROUNDED THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. FINALLY VASCO DA GAMA REACHED INDIA IN 1498 ON THE COAST OF AFRICA AND ASIA THE PORTUGUESE HAD SETTLEMENTS AND FORTRESSES. FROM THESE POSITIONS WITH THESE MARITIME THEY CONTROLLED THE SLAVE AND THE GOLD TRADE WITH SUDAN ROUTES THEY ESTABLISHED A PROSPEROUS SPICE TRADE WITH INDIA AND SILK TRADE WITH CHINA

THE EXPLORATION OF THE PORTUGUESE

THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA CHRISTOPHER COLOMBUS, A SAILOR OF ITALIAN ORIGIN, HAD THE IDEA THAT IT WOULD BE POSSIBLE TO REACH INDIA BY GOING WEST HE PROPOSED THIS PROJECT FIRST TO JOHN II OF PORTUGAL, WHO REJECTED IT. THEN HE PRESENTED THE IDEA TO THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS, WHO ACCEPTED IT AND SIGNED THE CAPITULATIONS OF SANTA FE COLOMBUS LEFT FROM PALOS (HUELVA). HE INITIALLY SET SAIL FOR THE CANARY ISLANDS, AND AFTER A MONTH AN A HALF AT SEA, ON THE 12 TH OF OCTOBER 1492, HE REACHED THE ISLAND OF GUANAHANI IN THE BAHAMAS, WHICH NAMED SAN SALVADOR THIS AGREEMENT GRANTED COLUMBUS THE TITLES OF ADMIRAL OF THE OCEAN SEA AND VICEROY OF THE LANDS DISCOVERD, AS WELL AS A TENTH OF THE RICHES FOUND HE MADE 3 MORE VOYAGES FROM SPAIN TO THE NEW LANDS, BUT HE DIED BELIEVING HE HAD REACHED INDIA. THIS IS WHY THESE NEW TERRITORIES WERE KNOWN AS THE WEST INDIES AND THEIR INHABITANTS AS INDIANS. AMERICO VESPUCI, THE ITALIAN EXPLORER, WAS THE MAN TO DESCRIBE THESE TERRITORIES AS A NEW CONTINENT, AND HE GAVE IT HIS NAME: AMERICA

THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA

THE TREATY OF TORDESILLAS: THE DIVISION OF THE WORLD THE TREATY OF TORDESILLAS (1494), SANCTIONED BY THE POPE, DIVIDED THE NEWLY DISCOVERED WORLD BETWEEN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. ACCORDING TO THE TREATY, AN IMAGINARY LINE 370 LEAGUES WEST OF CAPE VERDE SEPARATED THE DOMINIONS OF EACH COUNTRY. ALL NEW TERRITORIES TO THE WEST BELONGED TO CASTILLA, WHILE THOSE TO THE EAST BELONGED TO PORTUGAL. FOLLOWING THIS AGREEMENT, PORTUGAL ESTABLISHED ITS CONTROL OVER BRAZIL IN 1500

THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD IN 1519 AND EXPEDITION LED BY THE PORTUGUESE FERNANDO DE MAGALLANES LEFT SEVILLA TO LOOK FOR A ROUTE BETWEEN THE ATLANTIC AND THE PACIFIC OCEANS. IN 1520 THE EXPEDITION SUCECESSFULLY NAVIGATED THE SOUTHERN TIP OF SOUTH AMERICA, WHICH IS CALLED THE STRAIT OF MAGELLAN TODAY MAG ALLA PHILIPPIN NES DIED IN THE ES. AFTER THAT, JUA SEBASTIÁ N N EXPEDITIO ELCANO LED THE N THE VERY WHICH COMPLETE D FIRT VOT AGE ARO UND THE WOR LD

AUTHORITARIAN MONARCHIES DURING THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD MONARCHS IMPOSED THEIR AUTHORITY AND POWER ON FEUDAL NOBLES. THIS WAS POSSIBLE THROUGH A NUMBER OF MEAURES UNIFICATION OF TERRITORY CENTRLISING POWER AND SOMETIMES ENLARGING THE DOMINIONS BY WARS OR MARRIAGE ALLIANCES LIMITATION OF OTHER POWERS KINGS INTERVENED IN THE APPOINTMENT OF HIGH PUBLIC POSTS, ASSERTED CONTROL OVER THE NOBLES BY NOT ALLOWING THEM TO HAVE PRIVATE ARMIES, LIMITING THE AUTONOMY OF CITIES AND SUMMONING PARLIAMENT AS LITTLE AS POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENTS IN ADMON THESE WERE ACHIEVED BY ESTABLISHING THE COURT IN ONE CITY THAT WOULD BECAME THE CAPITAL OF THE KINGDOM, ORGANISING A BODY OF PROFESSIONAL CIVIL SERVANTS, IMPOSING REGULAR TAXES THAT PERMITTED A REGULAR INCOME AND BY ORGANISING A PROFESSIONAL ARMY UNDER THE STATE´S CONTROL DIMPLOMACY PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVES OF THE STATE WERE SENT TO DIFFERENT COURTS TO DEFEND THE INTERESTS OF THEIR NATIONS AND INTERVENE IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS ITALY, GERMANY AND RE NOT HOWEVER, WE SINGLE UNITED UNDER RULERS AUTHORITARIAN MONARCHIES ESTABLISHED THEMSELVES IN FRANCE, ENGLAND (TUDOR) AND SPAIN, WHERE THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS UNITED CASTILLA AND ARAGON AND THEIR TERRITORIES EXPANDED

ECONOMIC RECOVERY THE INCREASE OF POPULATION WAS ONE OF THE KEY FACTORS OF ECONOMIC RECOVERY, IT INCREASED THE DEMAND FOR AGRICULTURAL AND HANDCRAFTE PRODUCTS, AND IT STIMULATED THE ECONOMY THE POPULATION OF EUROPE GREW FROM 80 MILLION TO 150 MILLION BETWEEN 1500 AND 1600 AGRICULTUR E AGRICULTURE WAS STILLTHE BASIS OF THE ECONOMY. IN THE 16 TH THE AGRARIAN PRODUCTION INCREASED, HELPED BY GOOD HARVESTS AND PLOUGHING IN NEW SOILS TRADE CRAFTWORK IN THE CITIES IT WAS A THE GREATEST CHANGE PROSPEROUS BUSINESS. WAS IN TRADE DUE TO A DOMESTIC SYSTEM THE NEW TRADE DEVELOPED IN WHICH ROUTES AND PRODUCTS. WEALTHY PEOPLE THE PORTS IN THE PROVIDED RAW MEDITERRANEAN WERE MATERIALS AND TOOLS NO LONGER THE ONLY NEEDED TO MAKE A IMPORTANT PRODUCT AND POORER COMMERCIAL PLACES: PEOPLE MADE IT AT SEVILLA, LISBON, HOME. THEN THE LONDON AND OTHER INVESTORS TOOK THE CITIES ON THE ATLANTIC FINISHED PRODUCT AND COAST GREW IN SOLD IT IMPORTANCE. IN THESE CITIES BANKS, CREDIT, TRADING SOCIETIES AND CURRENCY EXCHANGES DEVELOPED, ESTABLISHING THE FOUNDATION FOR A CAPITALIST ECONOMY

THE SOCIETY MIDDLE CLASS PEASANTS NON PRIVILEGED NOBILITY AND HIGHER CLERGY PRIVILEGED IT WAS STILL VERY HIERARCHICAL BUT ECONOMIC CHANGES MADE SOCIAL RLATIONS MORE COMPLEX

THE CRISIS IN THE CHURCH THE REFORMATION AND COUNTER-REFORMATION

THE CAUSES OF THE REFORMATION THE CRISIS IN THE CHURCH WAS DUE TO THE INCREASING LOSS OF PRESTIGE OF THE POPE AND CLERGY AND THE ABUSE OF POWER BY THE CHURCH THE ENORMOUS POWER THE CHURCH HAD OVER SOCIETY AND IN EVERY ASPECT OF LIVE CREATED OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE ABUSE OF POWER. THE HIERARCHY OF THE CHURCH CONSISTED ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY OF MEMBERS OF NOBLE FAMILIES URCH H C S IN EY, N N O O I T POSI T WITH M SINS R E OTH BOUGH ON FOR BE O D S E L R R A A WE HE P ) COULD THE POPE AND THE CLERGY WERE NOT RESPECTED T D S E AN C BECAUSE MOST OF THE CLERGY AND EVEN POPES LGEN AID FOR U D P ( IN HAD NOT LIVED UP TO SPIRITUAL PRICIPLES THEY WERE SUPPOSED TO REPRESENT. THE BISHOPS AND ABBOTS LIVED A LIFE OF LUXURY, MORE CONCERNED WITH POWER AND POLITICS THAN WITH RELIGION; WHILE LOWER CLERGY HAD LITTLE FORMAL TRAINING AND DID NOT ALWAYS HAVE GOOD MORAL BEHAVIOUR (IGNORING VERY OFTEN THEIR OWN PLEDGE OF CHASTITY)

THE LUTHERAN REFORMATION THE REFORMATION BEGAN IN 1517 WHEN MARTIN LUTHER, A GERMAN AGUSTINIAN MONK, WROTE THE NINETY-FIVE THESES. IN THIS TEXT LUTHER STRONGLY CRITICISED THE POPE AND AS A RESULT HE WAS EXCOMMUNICATED FROM THE CATHOLIC CHURCH 1 2 3 4 LUTHER DEVELOPED A NEW TYPE OF CHRISTIANITY CALLED LUTHERANISM. IT WAS BASED IN THE FOLLOWING PRINCIPLES SALVATION WAS REACHED BY FAITH IN CHRIST AND NOT THROUGH A A PERSON´S ACTIONS ANY CHRISTIAN COULD INTERPRET AND PREACH THE WORD OF GOD. LUTHER REJECTED THE AUTHORITY OF THE POPE AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH (POPE´S INFALLIBILITY) THIS NEW DOCTRINE SPREAD RAPIDLY, HELPED BY THE RECENTLY INVENTED PRINTING PRESS N AS W O ER KN ATHOLIC T A L , THERE WERE ONLY TWO SACRAMENTS: BAPTISM ANDHERANS THE C PREAD T F T E LU NS, L ANISM S SOME A EUCHARIST T S E PROT H. LUTHER Y WHERE AS E N C I N R R A CHU H GERM DOCT WN W E G HROU SAW THE N SE THEIR O T ABOLITION OF THE CULT OF THE S EA RINCE Y TO INCR OMY P VIRGIN AND THE SAINTS N A WA AUTO

OTHER PROTESTANT MOVEMENTS THE RISE OF LUTHERANISM IN GERMANY ENCOURAGED OTHER MOVEMENTS TO BREAK AWAY FROM CATHOLITHISM N A C LI IN ENGLAND, KING HENRY VIII BROKE WITH THE ANG PAPACY WHEN THE POPE REFUSED THO ANNUL HIS MARRIAGE TO CATHERINE OF ARAGÓN. HENRY BECAME HEAD OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. ANGLICANISM WAS INFLUENCED BY THE REFORMATION, BUT ALSO MANTAINED SOME CATHOLIC TRADITIONS ISM N I V L CA A FRENCH THEOLOGIAN JOHN CALVIN, WAS FOUNDER OF THIS MOVEMENT, WHICH WAS FOLLOWED IN SWITZERLAND, PART OF FRANCE, THE LOW COUNTRIES AND SCOTLAND. CALVINISTS BELIEVED IN PREDESTINATION. PEOPLE WERE DESTINED TO HEAVEN OR HELL FROM BIRTH, NOTHING COULD CHANGE THIS

THE COUNTER-REFORMATION THE REFORMATION LED TO A REACTION BY THE CATHOLIC CHURCH CALLED THE COUNTERREFORMATION THE COUNCIL OF TRENTO ADOPTED A SERIES OF RESOLUTIONS IN 1545 IT CONFIRMED CATHOLIC DOCTRINE AND PAPAL AUTHORITY IT ALSO CONFIRMED THE WORSHIP OF THE VIRGIN AND THE SAINTS GOOD WORKS WERE NECESSARY TO ACHIEVE NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS WERE CREATED TO PROMOTE THE SALVATION COUNTER-REFORMATION. THE MOST IMPORTANT WAS THERE WERE SEVEN THE SOCIETY OF JESUS, FOUNDED BY IGNACIO DE LOYOLA. SACRAMENTS THEIR MEMBERS CALLED JESUITAS, OWED DIRECT THE TRAINING OF THE CLERGY ALLEGIANCE TO THE POPE AND THEIR EDUCATIONAL WORK WAS IMPROVED AND BISHOPS MADE THEM AN IMPORTANT FORCE IN THE COUNTERWERE REQUIRED TO LIVE IN REFORMATION THEIR DIOCESIS

RELIGIOUS DIVISIONS IN EUROPE

THE HUMANISM OF THE RENAISSANCE THE GREAT CULTURAL CHANGE OF THE 15 TH AND 16 TH WERE CALLED THE RENAISSANCE. SCHOLARS BECAME DEEPLY CURIOUS ABOUT MANKIND, AND NO LONGER TOOK ALL THEIR IDEAS FROM THE CHURCH´S TEACHINGNS RENAISSANCE ARTISTS CREATED AN EXTRAORDINARY RANGE OF MASTERPIECES IN PAINTING, SCULPUTRE AND ARCHITECTURE HUMANISM WAS THE GREAT INTELLECTUAL AND CULTURAL CLASSICAL MOVEMENT OF THIS PERIOD. IT ANTIQUITY THE HUMANISTS RENEWED THE CHANGED THE MENTALITY OF THE AGE IDEALS OF CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY THROUGH A NEW CONCEPT OF THROUG THE STUDY OF GREEK AND EDUCATION. THERE WERE TWO MAIN LATIN TEXTS. SOME OF THESE TEXTS PRINCIPLES: WERE REDISCOVERED WHEN BYZANTINE SCHOLARS TOOK THEM TO ITALY AFTER THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE IN 1453 ANTHROPOCENTRISM HUMANISM WAS BASED ON THE STUDY OF THE HUMAN BEING IN CONTRAST WITH THE MIDDLE AGES, WHEN THE CENTRE WAS GOD (THEOCENTRISM)

THE ORIGINS AND SPREAD OF HUMANISM FIRST DEVELOPED IN ITALY WHERE CLASSICAL CIVILISATION LEFT A GREATER HERITAGE THAN IN THE REST OF EUROPE THE FIRST HUMANISTS IN ITALY STARTED TRANSLATING AND ANALYSING CLASSICAL TEXTS USING ORIGINAL TEXTS FROM PLATO, ARISTOTLE OR VIRGIL. BUT GRADUALLY BECAME A GREAT INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT. GUTENBERG´S INVENTION OF THE PRINTING PRESS (BEFORE 1450) WAS CRUCIAL. BOOKS WERE NOW PRINTED IN LARGER NUMBERS AND REACHED MORE PEOPLE FRANCESCO PETRARCA, NICCOLO MACHIAVELI AND LEONARDO BRUNI BELONG TO THIS GROUP

RELIGIOUS HUMANISM SOME HUMANISTS IN NOTHERN EUROPE TRIED TO ASSIMILATE THEIR ADMIRATION FOR CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY WITH CHRISTIAN RELIGION IN FLANDERS, ERASMUS THE ROTTERDAM BECAME ONE OF THE LEADING FIGURES OF EUROPEAN HUMANISM. ANOTHER IMPORTANT FIGURE WAS THE ENGLISHMAN THOMAS MORE, WHO WROTE UTOPIA IN SPAIN THERE WAS AN IMPORTANT GROUP OF HUMANIST SCHOLARS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ALACALÁ DE HENARES. ANTONIO DE NEBRIJA WROTE THE FIRST GRAMMAR IN CASTILIAN LANGUAGE. THE VALENCIAN LUIS VIVES WAS AN IMPORTANT PHILOSOPHER

SCIENTIFIC HUMANISM OBSERVATION OF REALITY AND INDEPENDENT REASONING WERE TWO PRINCIPLES OF HUMANISM. THIS, TOGETHER WITH THE SPREAD OF SCIENTIFIC CLASSICAL TEXTS, INSPIRED NEW THEORIES NICOULAUS COPERNICUS FORMULATED THE HELIOCENTRIC THEORY, ACCORDING TO WHICH THE SUN IS AT THE CENTRE OF THE UNIVERSE, AND NOT THE EARTH, AS WAS COMMONLY BELIEVED

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