Detector Description Materials http cern chgeant 4 The

Detector Description - Materials http: //cern. ch/geant 4 The full set of lecture notes of this Geant 4 Course is available at http: //www. ge. infn. it/geant 4/events/nss 2003/geant 4 course. html G. Cosmo, Detector Description - Geant 4 Course

Materials - The System of units & constants Definition of elements Materials and mixtures Some examples … G. Cosmo, Detector Description - Geant 4 Course

Unit system n Geant 4 has no default unit. To give a number, unit must be “multiplied” to the number. n for example : G 4 double width = 12. 5*m; G 4 double density = 2. 7*g/cm 3; n n n If no unit is specified, the internal G 4 unit will be used, but this is discouraged ! Almost all commonly used units are available. The user can define new units. Refer to CLHEP: System. Of. Units. h Divide a variable by a unit you want to get. G 4 cout << d. E / Me. V << “ (Me. V)” << G 4 endl; G. Cosmo, Detector Description - Geant 4 Course 3

System of Units n System of units are defined in CLHEP, based on: n n n millimetre (mm), nanosecond (ns), Mega e. V (Me. V), positron charge (eplus) degree Kelvin (kelvin), the amount of substance (mole), luminous intensity (candela), radian (radian), steradian (steradian) All other units are computed from the basic ones. In output, Geant 4 can choose the most appropriate unit to use. Just specify the category for the data (Length, Time, Energy, etc…): G 4 cout << G 4 Best. Unit(Step. Size, “Length”); Step. Size will be printed in km, m, mm or … fermi, depending on its value G. Cosmo, Detector Description - Geant 4 Course 4

Defining new units n New units can be defined directly as constants, or (suggested way) via G 4 Unit. Definition. n n Example (mass thickness): n n n G 4 Unit. Definition ( name, symbol, category, value ) G 4 Unit. Definition (“grammpercm 2”, “g/cm 2”, “Mass. Thickness”, g/cm 2); The new category “Mass. Thickness” will be registered in the kernel in G 4 Units. Table To print the list of units: n n From the code G 4 Unit. Definition: : Print. Units. Table(); At run-time, as UI command: Idle> /units/list G. Cosmo, Detector Description - Geant 4 Course 5

Definition of Materials n Different kinds of materials can be defined: n n n isotopes elements molecules compounds <> G 4 Isotope <> G 4 Element <> G 4 Material and mixtures <> G 4 Material Attributes associated: n temperature, pressure, state, density G. Cosmo, Detector Description - Geant 4 Course 6

Isotopes, Elements and Materials n G 4 Isotope and G 4 Element describe the properties of the atoms: n n n Atomic number, number of nucleons, mass of a mole, shell energies Cross-sections per atoms, etc… G 4 Material describes the macroscopic properties of the matter: n n temperature, pressure, state, density Radiation length, absorption length, etc… G. Cosmo, Detector Description - Geant 4 Course 7

Elements & Isotopes n Isotopes can be assembled into elements G 4 Isotope (const G 4 String& G 4 int G 4 double n name, z, // number of atoms n, // number of nucleons a ); // mass of mole … building elements as follows: G 4 Element (const G 4 String& name, const G 4 String& symbol, // element symbol G 4 int n. Iso ); // # of isotopes G 4 Element: : Add. Isotope(G 4 Isotope* iso, // isotope G 4 double rel. Abund); // fraction of atoms // per volume G. Cosmo, Detector Description - Geant 4 Course 8

Material of one element n Single element material G 4 double density = 1. 390*g/cm 3; G 4 double a = 39. 95*g/mole; G 4 Material* l. Ar = new G 4 Material("liquid. Argon", z=18. , a, density); n Prefer low-density material to vacuum G. Cosmo, Detector Description - Geant 4 Course 9

Material: molecule n A Molecule is made of several elements (composition by number of atoms): a = 1. 01*g/mole; G 4 Element* el. H = new G 4 Element("Hydrogen", symbol="H", z=1. , a); a = 16. 00*g/mole; G 4 Element* el. O = new G 4 Element("Oxygen", symbol="O", z=8. , a); density = 1. 000*g/cm 3; G 4 Material* H 2 O = new G 4 Material("Water", density, ncomp=2); H 2 O->Add. Element(el. H, natoms=2); H 2 O->Add. Element(el. O, natoms=1); G. Cosmo, Detector Description - Geant 4 Course 10

Material: compound n Compound: composition by fraction of mass a = 14. 01*g/mole; G 4 Element* el. N = new G 4 Element(name="Nitrogen", symbol="N", z= 7. , a); a = 16. 00*g/mole; G 4 Element* el. O = new G 4 Element(name="Oxygen", symbol="O", z= 8. , a); density = 1. 290*mg/cm 3; G 4 Material* Air = new G 4 Material(name="Air", density, ncomponents=2); Air->Add. Element(el. N, 70. 0*per. Cent); Air->Add. Element(el. O, 30. 0*per. Cent); G. Cosmo, Detector Description - Geant 4 Course 11

Material: mixture n Composition of compound materials G 4 Element* el. C = …; G 4 Material* Si. O 2 = …; G 4 Material* H 2 O = …; // define “carbon” element // define “quartz” material // define “water” material density = 0. 200*g/cm 3; G 4 Material* Aerog = new G 4 Material("Aerogel", density, ncomponents=3); Aerog->Add. Material(Si. O 2, fractionmass=62. 5*per. Cent); Aerog->Add. Material(H 2 O , fractionmass=37. 4*per. Cent); Aerog->Add. Element (el. C , fractionmass= 0. 1*per. Cent); G. Cosmo, Detector Description - Geant 4 Course 12

Example: gas n It may be necessary to specify temperature and pressure n (d. E/dx computation affected) G 4 double density = 27. *mg/cm 3; G 4 double temperature = 325. *kelvin; G 4 double pressure = 50. *atmosphere; G 4 Material* CO 2 = new G 4 Material(“Carbonic. Gas", density, ncomponents=2 k. State. Gas, temperature, pressure); CO 2 ->Add. Element(C, natoms = 1); CO 2 ->Add. Element(O, natoms = 2); G. Cosmo, Detector Description - Geant 4 Course 13

Example: vacuum n Absolute vacuum does not exist. It is a gas at very low density ! n Cannot define materials composed of multiple elements through Z or A, or with r = 0. G 4 double atomic. Number = 1. ; G 4 double mass. Of. Mole = 1. 008*g/mole; G 4 double density = 1. e-25*g/cm 3; G 4 double temperature = 2. 73*kelvin; G 4 double pressure = 3. e-18*pascal; G 4 Material* Vacuum = new G 4 Material(“inter. Galactic", atomic. Number, mass. Of. Mole, density, k. State. Gas, temperature, pressure); G. Cosmo, Detector Description - Geant 4 Course 14