Comparing Different Governments To study governments look at

Comparing Different Governments

To study governments, look at the following: • Types – Who rules and who participates. • There are three types of governments: • Autocracy: Rule by one • Oligarchy: Rule by few • Democracy: Rule by all • Forms: Direct and Representative • Methods: Parliamentary and Presidential • Systems – How the power is distributed. • Unitary • All decisions and power held at a central level • Federal • Decisions and power split between national and state (or province) governments

The Origins of City-States • • • Sumerian cities of Uruk & Ur Egyptian cities of Thebes Phonecian cities of Tyre & Sidon Berber- Garamenthes Greece- Athens, Sparta, Thebes, & Corinth • Roman Republic- 29 highways connecting 113 provinces= 50 K miles of territory!

Nation-States A nation is a group of people who share a common ethnic origin, culture, and languageand a state is controlled by a single government. • Territorial integrity: specific geographic territory; recognized internationally • Stable population: living in permanent boundaries • Code of laws: common legal system • National sovereignty: independent; selfgoverning

States not recognized by UN http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recogniti on

Anarchy: is not a type of government • Description • No government and no laws • Total disorder • Example • Usually comes from government failure, overthrown

Autocracy • Government in which the power to govern is held by one person. • Generally the power to rule is inherited or by military force. • There are three types of Autocracy. • Dictatorships • Absolute Monarchies • Constitutional Monarchies

Absolute Monarchy Sweet Shoes! • Description • When the King/Queen has total power over the government • Divine Right to Rule • Example • Louis XIV in France during the 1700 s King Louis the 14 th of France

Constitutional Monarchy • Description • The King/Queen is limited by law and shares power with elected officials • Example • Present day England

Constitutional Monarchy • Power of the hereditary ruler is limited by a constitution and laws. Luxembourg, a Constitutional Monarchy under a system of Parliamentary Democracy

Types of Auth. Govts. • Absolute Monarch - Ruler inherits power through family & has unlimited authority King of Saudi Arabia King Mswati III of Swaziland is an absolute monarch

Dictatorship • Description • A leader takes control over the government and has total power • Few admit they are dictators and almost always claim to be leaders of democracies • Example Cuba (Castro) North Korea (Kim Jong Un) Syria (Bashar al-Assad)

Syria • Present-day totalitarian regime Bashar al-Assad

Kim Jung-Il & Un (North Korea) • The Ministry of People’s Security places spies in workplaces and neighborhoods to inform on anyone who criticizes the regime, even at home. • All radios and TV sets are fixed to receive only government stations. • Disloyalty to Kim Jong Il and his late father, Kim Il Sung, is a punishable crime: Offenses include allowing pictures of either leader to gather dust or be torn or folded. • The population is divided into “loyalty groups. ” Onethird belong to the “hostile class. ” These people receive the worst jobs and housing and may not live in the capital, Pyongyang. • Below the hostiles are the estimated 250, 000 held in prison camps, some for crimes allegedly committed by relatives. Executions often are performed in public.

Fidel Castro of Cuba • Modern-day dictator Raul Castro, Fidel’s brother Fidel Castro, dictator of Cuba

Totalitarian Governments • Government regulates nearly every aspect of public and private life of citizens Under Stalin’s rule – 60 million “dissidents” sent to their deaths Hitler – 6 million Jews – many millions more dead in combat Mussolini, fascist dictator of Italy during WWII

Nazism Totalitarianism Communism Fascism *These theories, specifically Communism and Fascism, are completely different theories that are bitterly opposed; however they exhibit the same behaviour

I am Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union from 1922 -1953. What is Communism? • LEFT WING • based on theory by Karl Marx • revolutionary idea of a political, economic and social system that creates a “classless society” • state ownership and control of the means of production (no private ownership) • Soviet Communism or “Stalinism”, was more of a totalitarian and military state combined with elements of communism

Single Party State • China, Cuba • Single party of the central govt. makes all economic decisions. • People do not decide who will govern them.

China • CPC Chairman Xi Jingping • Some 250, 000 Chinese were serving sentences in “re-education and labor camps. ” (These have been disbandedbut prisoners can still be held without trial in secret jails. ) • China executes more people than all other nations combined, often for nonviolent crimes. http: // • The death penalty can be given for burglary, embezzlement, counterfeiting, bribery or killing a panda. • Xi’s government controls all media and Internet use. Defense lawyers who argue too vigorously for clients’ rights may be disbarred or imprisoned. • If minorities (such as Tibetans) speak out for autonomy, they’re labeled “terrorists, ” imprisoned and tortured.

I am Benito Mussolini the leader (Il Duce) of Italy from 1922 to 1943. What is Fascism? • RIGHT WING • intense nationalism and elitism • totalitarian control • interests of the state more important than individual rights • maintain class system and private ownership Interesting Fact: Fascism name was derived from the fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of authority consisting of a bundle of rods and an ax

I am Adolf Hitler the leader (der Fuhrer) or dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945. What is Nazism? • extremely fascist , nationalistic and totalitarian • based on beliefs of the National Socialist German Workers Party • belief in the racial superiority of the Aryan, the “master race” • belief that all Germans should have “lebensraum” or living space in Europe • Violent hatred towards Jews and blamed Germany’s problems on them

Oligarchy • Description • When a family or small group of people control all of governments power • The group gets their power from either military, wealth or social status. • Elections may be held but offer only one candidate. • Examples • China and The old Soviet Union • Only one party (communist) allowed • Run by council of 13 -24 politburo members

Oligarchy • Most political power rests with a small segment of society • Ex: richest, most military strength, most influence, etc. Until the end of apartheid, South Africa was an oligarchy – the white Afrikaners (20% of the population) were the only citizens who could vote. In effect, they controlled the other 80% of (non-white) South Africans

Theocracy • Description • Type of Oligarchy. Rule by religious leaders • Example • The Vatican & Iran

Theocracy Government where religion or faith plays a dominant role in govt. Grand Ali Hoseini-Khamenei Supreme Religious Leader an Religious Laws

Democracy • “Democracy” literally means “rule by the people. ” • In a democracy, the people govern – by voting. • Two METHODS of Democracy • Direct Democracy • Representative Democracy

“Democratic Republic” • Often a nation calling itself a “democratic republic” is neither democratic nor a republic, but rather a dictatorship • Communist dictatorships have been especially prone to use this term • “The Democratic Republic of Vietnam” • “The People’s Republic of China” • “Democratic People’s Republic of Korea”

The Economist Intelligence Unit Democracy Index, 2014

Ibrahim Index African Governance 2012

Direct Democracy • Description • The power of government is controlled directly by the people • Everyone votes on every issue Examples: New England Town Meetings Switzerland Cantons

Republic • A literal democracy is impossible in a political system containing more than a few people • All modern “democracies” are really republics. • In a republic, representatives for the people make and enforce laws.

Representative Democracy • Description • The people elect representatives who then make decisions for them • Examples • The United States • Mexico

Forms of Representative Democracy • There are two major forms of Representative Democracies: • Parliamentary • Presidential

Parliamentary Democracy • Voters elect members to a Parliament (legislature) • Example: British Parliament • Has two Houses: • House of Commons • House of Lords • The Political Party with the most votes in the House of Commons chooses the Prime Minister, the government’s leader with no set length of term.

Parliamentary Democracy • People elect the reps in Parliament • Members of Parliament elect the Prime Minister • Prime Minister is kind of like the president of U. S. , but he’s a member of the Parliament Former Brit P. M. Tony Blair Current Brit P. M. Theresa Mayhead of govt. Queen of Engl. = NOT head of govt.

Presidential Democracy • Voters elect legislators AND Voters elect (directly or indirectly) the president. • Therefore, in the presidential system voters have a more direct say about those who serve in two branches of the government : • Legislative • Executive (Executive & Legislative choose the Judicial Branch)

What is a Representative Democracy (with a President)? • Voters choose a smaller group to represent them • They write & pass laws on behalf of the people • Source of government power = the people!! Dem=People • Majority Rule: • Government will do what MOST of the people want it to do

Parliamentary System Presidential System Legislative Elect t E lec Legislative Executive Elec t Select Executive Citizens

Factors of Production • Economic Resources • Natural Resources – raw materials found in nature that are used to produce goods • Human Resources – people’s knowledge, efforts, and skills used in their work • Capital Resources – used to produce goods and services (buildings, materials, and equipment) • Entrepreneurial Resources - recognize the need for new goods or service • Scarcity – shortage of resources

Traditional Economy • Found in rural, underdeveloped countries– • Vanuatu • Pygmies of Congo • Eskimos & Indian tribes • Belarus • Customs govern the economic decisions that are made • Farming, hunting and gathering are done the same way as the generation before • Economic activities are centered around the family or ethnic unit • Men and women are given different economic roles and tasks • Advantages: people have specific roles; security in the way things are done • Disadvantages: Technology is not used; difficult to improve

Market Economy (Free Enterprise) • Also called a Free Market • Supply and demand of goods and services Economy or Free determine what is Enterprise Economy produced and the price • Businesses and that will be charged. consumers decide what • Advantage—competition they will produce and to have the best products purchase and in what and services quantities • Disadvantage—huge rift • Decisions are made between wealthy and according to law of supply poor & demand • Note: a true market economy does not exist.

Command Economy • The government (or central authority) determines what, how, and for whom goods and services are produced. • Two types: • Advantages • Guarantees equal standard of living for everyone • Less crime and poverty • Needs are provided for through the government • Strong Command – where government makes all • Disadvantages decisions (communism – • Minimal choices China, Cuba) • Fewer choices of items • Moderate Command – • No incentive to produce where some form of better product or engage in private enterprise exists entrepreneurship but the state owns major resources (socialism – • Also known as a Planned France and Sweden) or Managed Economy

Mixed Economy • Most nations have a • Combination of a mixed economy: United market and a States, England, command economy Australia • Government takes of • Advantage—balance of people’s needs and wants met by • Marketplace takes government and in care of people’s wants. marketplace • Disadvantage—citizens have to pay taxes

Laissez-Faire Capitalism private ownership of property Socialism some private property some government ownership of property Communism government owns all property How the Economy Works Free enterprise. (buy low, sell high, make a profit) Private Individuals make stuff and sell it for as much as they can. Private individuals still make stuff and sell it for as much as they can, but the government takes some it from them through taxes and gives it to those who need it in the form of food stamps, unemployment insurance, health care, old age pensions, housing subsidies, etc. Government completely controls economy. No free enterprise. The government produces stuff and sells it at fixed prices. Choice of Work You pick your own job depending on what you want to do in life. You make as much as you can charge for your good or service or what businesses will pay you. Government assigns some jobs, but most able pick their own jobs. Unlimited, but the government takes a percentage of your wages to pay for socialist programs. This is how the government redistributes the wealth Government assigns schools to children, assigns jobs to adults. Everyone earns the same wage regardless of your job. There are no unemployed as everyone has a job. Profits Unlimited, particularly for good business owners. Limited. Government sets a ceiling on profit levels. Some make more than others but there are no billionaires. All profits shared equally. Government's Role and Level of Involvement in Economy None. It's every man of woman for his or herself. Limit unequal distribution of wealth. Some make more than others, but everyone has the basics in life: food, clothing, shelter, health care, access to education etc. No one is homeless or goes hungry. Make sure that everyone is equal and that there is no rich, no poor, no middle class. Government controls every aspect of life. They assign jobs, schools apartments etc. Communists believe that unequal distribution of wealth is the main cause of conflict between people. Social Safety Net None Extensive. Every citizen is guaranteed food, Extensive. Every citizens is guaranteed clothing, shelter, education, and health care food, clothing, shelter, education, and from cradle to grave. Individuals provide health care from cradle to grave. food, clothing, and shelter for themselves, but if they can't the government does it. Education and health care provided by the government for all. Amount of Competition Great Limited in some essential industries Ownership of Property Wages None.