Colonialism Postcolonialism Neocolonialism Colonialism a colonial power has

Colonialism Postcolonialism Neocolonialism

Colonialism a colonial power has direct territorial control over an area Postcolonialism & Neocolonialism do not necessarily mean that a colonial power has direct territorial control over an area, but that it in other ways colonizes the economy, politics, spaces and worldviews

- colonialism and neocolonialism are actual practices - postcolonialism is a theoretical perspective

Colonialisation - was not only a simple exploitation of resources and people - but a permanent incorporation of the colonies into the political, economic and social systems of the colonizers' countries - the African countries became parts of different empires

“scramble for Africa” 1880 s – 1910 s

Berlin Conference 1884– 1885

Much like a jigsaw puzzle, Europeans at the Berlin Conference of 1884 -5 made decisions on paper about which piece belonged to which nation, constructing borders in what appeared at times almost arbitrary fashion, often right through the center of particular ethnic group territories. … The Berlin conference thus illuminates how map-making has long been an essential part of political domination. (Grinker, Lubkemann & Christopher Steiner 2010: 426)

the trading fort/slave fort Cabo Corso in present-day Ghana (1650 -1663) the Caribbean island of Saint-Barthélemy (1785 -1878)

Walter Rodney How Europe Underdeveloped Africa developed Europe at the same rate as Europe underdeveloped Africa

Noah R. Bassil The roots of Afropessimism The British Invention of the ‘Dark Continent’

Afropessimism - a notion of that the future of Africa is bleak, because of inherent problems

Bassil - through the 18 th century and into the beginning of the 19 th century the British image of Africa was still very contradictory, fluid and contested - with the European ‘expansion into black Africa in the late-19 th century’ this fluid image was removed and the image of Africa was reinvented - Africa now became the ‘other’

‘the British perceptions of the barbarity, backwardness, idleness and inferiority of black Africans congealed into a discourse that largely subverted positive and ambivalent perceptions’ (Bassil 2011: 377)

‘There was nothing deterministic about the development of the British discourse that black Africa required European tutelage to overcome historically embedded savagery, backwardness and isolation. Nonetheless, such a view proved to be a very convenient discourse for empire builders to exploit to legitimate conquest and colonisation. A century on from the height of European conquest and control of Africa, similar views of black Africa continue to underwrite ‘Western’ intervention in a continent which remains in the ‘Western imaginary’ as a place that is savage and backward. ’ (Bassil 2011: 394)

In the long history of Africa, the period of colonial rule from the 1880 s to the 1960 s may seem miniscule. Yet, colonialism had a profound impact on the present and future lives of all Africans – as well as on the present and future lives of the colonists. Indeed, there is a single point so obvious that it is often overlooked: colonialism not only produced the colonized, it also produced colonizers. (Grinker, Lubkemann & Steiner 2010: 427)

Through these colonial processes, the idea of Africa and blackness has also been reified (created) as things that actually exist in the world, as facts or naturally given, rather than as social constructions that arose from European contact.

Postcolonialism

Postcolonial thought is based on an understanding of that colonialism is not something that ceased with that territories, which were colonized by European states in the 18 th and 19 th centuries, became independent.

Postcolonialism or postcolonial theory is the academic study of the cultural legacy of European colonialism - their lasting effects or their consequences for different parts of the world.

Adrian Flint & Vernon Hewitt Colonial tropes and HIV/AIDS in Africa sex, disease and race

Neocolonialism practices used instead of previous colonial methods of direct military control to influence a country

All African People’s Conferences … the deliberate and continued survival of the colonial system in independent African states, by turning these states into victims of political, mental, economic, social, military and technical forms of domination carried out through indirect and subtle means that did not include direct violence. (Afisi 2017)

Afisi, Oseni Taiwo Neocolonialism

Margaret C. Lee The 21 st Century Scramble for Africa

I am reminded here of the analogy often used to depict how the Europeans conquered Africa during the first scramble. As the story is told, when the Europeans arrived they had the bible and the Africans had the land. The Africans closed their eyes to pray, and when they opened their eyes, the Europeans had the land the Africans had the bible. Today, in return for promises of more official development assistance, foreign direct investment, and personal financial gain, African leaders are allowing the Western powers and China to gain greater control over, and exploit, African markets and natural resources. (Lee 2006: 304)

Trevor Noah South African comedian Trevor Noah on the British Colonial Past https: //www. dailymotion. com/video/x 2 tsu 0 h