Climate Governance to achieve SDGs Initiatives in Odisha

Climate Governance to achieve SDGs: Initiatives in Odisha (INDIA) REGIONAL DIALOGUE ON THE ROLE OF CLIMATE PROOFING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT TO ACHIEVE THE SDG 04 - 06, march 2019 Dr. Debasish Roy Addl. Project director, Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project, Forest & Environment Dept. Govt. of Odisha

Components of Governance Ø Alignment with INDC and SDG Ø The linkages of SAPCC to INDC-SDG Ø Odisha State Budget Coding Ø Targeted impact assessment study q Coastal vulnerability and its impact on coastal districts q Storm water drainage q System of rice intensification

ALIGNMENT WITH INDC AND SDG • Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) is the beginning of the climate change agenda in the development planning process. • SAPCC is largely aligned to National Missions. In turn National Missions are expected to contribute to the NDC. • Since there is a fair degree of convergence between NDC goals and Sustainable Development Goal (SDG), effort has been made to capture the achievements and linkages of various proposed actions under SAPCC.

SDG 1 - Poverty alleviation I N D C Technology to build resilience Technology to have resource use efficiency Adaptive capacity/ Training etc Physical/ social protection Financial investment to build resilient infrastructure Policy action/ regulation Research & Development SDG indicator (%) Total 100% 16. 7 0. 0 16. 7 50. 0 8. 3 0. 0 % of Total (Total 8. 8%) 1. 5 0. 0 1. 5 4. 4 0. 7 0. 0 SAPCC Link-age (Total 12 2 0 2 6 1 1 0 Linkage

Following activities have high potential for implementation and strong linkage to INDC-SDG Sl. No 1 Code Agriculture -Proposed Activities AG/CAP/1 Continuing the livelihood focussed, people centric integrated watershed development programmes in rainfed areas vulnerable to climatic variations Continued liaison work with NCCP & the NMSA Establishment of Automated Weather Station ( AWS) Development efficient micro and drip irrigation Increasing the area under perennial fruit plantation 2 3 4 5 AG/CAP/6 AG/N 4 AG/CAP/21 AG/CAP/23 Sl. No 1 Code Coast & Disaster - Proposed Activities CD/KP/4 Micro level vulnerability assessment of state resources in coastal areas (Construction of Saline Embankments under NCRMP) Construction of multi-purpose flood and cyclone shelter+ provision of shelter level equipment Developing a techno-legal regime for construction of disaster resilient public infrastructure (Construction of Approach Road to MCS building under NCRMP) + ODRP project for housing, etc. Setting up an integrated Capacity building protocol covering shelter, SHG, CBDRF, college and school volunteers, officials at state and district level, etc. ) 2 3 CD/KP/5 -6 CD/KP/10 4 CD/KP/12 Sl. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 Code Energy - Proposed Activities Energy/CAP/23 Energy/KP/3 Develop state level energy efficiency standard through ECBC, PAT etc. through SDA Reduction of T&D Losses (CAPEX, ODSSP, Disaster Resilient Power System, SCRIPS, Radial to ring conversion, Smart Grid, Nabakalebar in Puri, R-APDRP urban) Increase energy efficiency in drinking water pumping system and Lift Irrigation system Promotion of small and medium hydel plants Maximising and harnessing bio-mass potential Maximising solar energy generation potential (GEDCOL) Energy/CAP/31 Energy/KP/6 Energy/KP/7 Energy/KP/9

Contd. Sl. No 1 2 3 4 5 Code Fisheries & ARD - Proposed Activities ARD/CAP/4 ARD/CAP/5 ARD/CAP/7 FISH/CAP/3 FISH/CAP/4 Breeding Management Better Waste Management Research on Disease Early Warning System Impact of exuberated extreme climatic events due to climate change Protection of Fisheries infrastructure and assets Sl. No 1 Code Forest - Proposed Activities FOR/CAP/1 Increasing the forest cover of the State by taking up massive plantation programme 2 FOR/CAP/2 3 4 5 FOR/CAP/3 FOR/CAP/5 FOR/CAP/7 Enhance the density of forest by taking up Assisted Natural Regeneration and Protecting existing forest stocks to act as carbon sink with stronger conservation Increasing planting on non-forest land Mangrove cover and coastal biodiversity along the coast Sustainable management of forest and maximising forest productivity, preparation of management plans and scientific forest management through annual coupe working Sl. No 1 2 3 Code Health - Proposed Activities H/CAP/1 H/CAP/2 H/CAP/3 4 H/CAP/4 5 H/CAP/5 Capacity building of the health Sector on climate change on adaptation and mitigation aspects Integrating climate change considerations in the State Health Policy Strengthening approaches to manage vector Borne Diseases with worsening that have worsened due to climate changes impact. Strengthening approaches to deal with Heat wave Conditions exacerbated due to climate change impacts Undertaking measures to manage waterborne diseases that have worsened due to climate change impacts.

Sl. No 1 Code Industries - Proposed Activities IND/CAP/13 2 IND/CAP/15 Preparation of GHG profile of major industrial clusters and introduce a system of GHG auditing for major industrial sectors. Setting emission targets for Thermal owner, Iron & Steel, Aluminium and cement sector. 3 IND/CAP/16 Establishment of a monitoring network for GHG emission in major industrial clusters. 4 IND/CAP/30 5 6 IND/CAP/31 IND/CAP/32 7 8 IND/CAP/33 IND/CAP/34 Introduce a programme for mandatory water and waste water audit in water intensive industries like Thermal Power, Iron & Steel , Sponge Iron, Paper etc. Establishment of a benchmark for water use in respective sectors. Revision of water charges and incentivising water efficiency to ensure efficient water management for industrial consumption. Promoting water harvesting and storage in industrial clusters Devise a mechanism to implement a system of compensatory water harvesting and storage around industries/industrial clusters by the concerned industries. 9 IND/CAP/35 Establishment and monitoring of pollution prevention Plans in industrial clusters. Code Mines - Proposed Activities MIN/CAP/5 Devise a mechanism for green belt development and maintenance in mining clusters. 2 3 4 MIN/CAP/6 MIN/CAP/8 MIN/CAP/22 Explore cleaner technology and best practices in coal mining Conduct a study to determine the potential of coal bed methane in the coal fields of Odisha. Creation and maintenance of green zones in major mining clusters 5 MIN/CAP/34 6 MIN/CAP/39 Develop a methodology to measure , monitor and verify the amount of carbon sequestered by plantation programmes in mining sector Create an environmental restoration fund supported by contributions from mining companies. 7 MIN/CAP/41 Construction of rest shelters with plantations in mining areas to provide shelters during heat wave conditions Code Transport - Proposed Activities C & T/CAP/2 C & T/CAP/3 C & T/CAP/4 C & T/CAP/N 1 C & T/CAP/6 Policy of phasing out old vehicles for emission reduction Ensuring fuel efficiency through Driver training Strengthening enforcement wing for emission level check-up Use of LPG Encouraging e-rickshaw Sl. No 1 2 3 4 5 Contd.

Contd. Sl. No 1 2 Code Urban - Proposed Activities HUD/KP/9 HUD/CAP/N 1 Developing urban storm water drainage based on the climate change Housing for all (in-situ slum development for relocation) 3 4 HUD/CAP/N 2 a HUD/CAP/N 2 b Development of green space, park (105 ULB) Development of green space, park (9 Amrut cities) 5 6 7 8 HUD/CAP/N 3 a HUD/CAP/N 3 b HUD/KP/3 HUD/CAP/2 Smart city Bhubaneswar Smart city Rourkela Ensuring tap water for all Making urban Odisha open defecation free and management of sewerage, Faecal Sludge and Sewage Sl. No 1 Code Waste - - Proposed Activities WS/CAP/3 Management Municipal Solid Waste Sl. No 2 Code Water Resources -Proposed Activities WR/N 1 To increase water use efficiency in Irrigation sector (CAP-4) Old (rehab of network including, water audit and benchmarking, use of sprinkler and drip, command area development) 3 WR/N 2 Conservation, desilting of Water Resources (completion major & medium reservoir projects) , Construction of Check Dams, Roof Top Rain water harvesting & Artificial recharge of Ground water Generating community awareness for water conservation 4 WR/N 3 Flood protection & anti-erosion works, non-structural works, drainage system improvement (Flood Control , River Training & Drainage Improvement), etc. 5 WR/N 4 Assessment of Impact of Climate Change on water resources of the state (old CAP 1, CAP 10, 12, 13, 18)

Odisha State Budget Coding Ø How benefits from development programmes additionally contribute to improving resilience to climate change. This is denoted by Climate Change Relevance Share (CCRS) Ø How programme benefits are likely to be impacted by climate change itself in the absence of climate change specific planning interventions. This is denoted by Climate Change Sensitivity Share (CCSS). Both these scores have been applied as percentages to the outlay of a programme (and therefore to an entire sectoral budget), to gauge the relative extent of climate proofing effort that has to be undertaken to prevent loss of intended benefits through development plans. All the schemes analysed have been ranked based on their CCRS for the purpose of prioritisation by policy makers at the time of budget allocations to ensure maximum climate as well as welfare benefits.

Summary of findings Of the analysed expenditure across 11 of the SAPCC sectors; 48% was climate relevant 43% was sensitive to climate change

Key Action Points based on the matrix

Matrix of climate relevance and sensitivity

Impact Assessment Study 1. Coastal Vulnerability and its Impact on Coastal Districts 2. Storm Water Drainage 3. Green House gas emission from Agriculture & System of Rice Intensification 4. Overall Assessment

Coastal Vulnerability and its Impact on Coastal Districts The coastal vulnerability can be calculated through geological variables (rate of shoreline-change, geomorphology of Coastal region and coastal slope) and physical variables (sea-level rise, mean tidal range and mean wave height). To know the potential loss of life here we have evaluated the hazard related vulnerability. Hazard mapping is a common method for vulnerability assessment. In this case, to know the extent of vulnerability and quantification of loss of life, the climate-induced factors (Sea level Rise, Storm surge and erosion hotspots) have been used. Impacts on Biophysical/ natural Systems and Socio economic system The following table shows the impact on bio-physical and socio-economic systems Bio-physical impacts of Seal level Rise Impacts on Demography and socio-economic systems Due to erosion Dryland will loss in Rajnagar block (south of Satvaya), Ersama block (South of Pardeep) and Gop block (North of Puri). Due to inundation and coastal erosion the land areas will be decreased and a large proportion of coastal population have to migrate to safer/less vulnerable places. As per the projection the inundation area will expand in the three districts (Kendrapara, Puri and Jagatsingpur ), so in these three districts will achieves lower economic development (index for this is GDP per capita). Increased flood damage in all the coastal districts through extreme sea level events (storm surges, tropical cyclones, etc. ). The most vulnerable blocks are Chandabali, Rajnagar, Rajkanika, Mahakalapada, Basudebpur, Pattamundai, Aul, Ersama, and Kujang. Saltwater intrusion into surface waters creates backwater effect and Saltwater intrusion into groundwater leading to rising water tables and impeded drainage. Ground water contamination will increase loss of habitat for fish, birds, and plants. Most of the State industries and their supporting infrastructure including transport (ports, roads, rail) are in the highly sensitive /vulnerable districts So the State business activity will hamper.

Adaptation Strategy Impact Type of Options Measures Brief Descriptions Increased salinity New and diversified livelihoods Saline-tolerant crop cultivation Keora nursery New and diversified livelihoods Crab fattening Structural Homestead protection Flooding / inundation Socio-technical Disaster management committees Early flood warning systems New and diversified livelihoods production of saline-tolerant multi-vegetable varieties and non-rice crops Mangrove fruit production to develop local female entrepreneurship Collection, rearing, and feeding of crabs for 15 days to increase local market value constructed new houses on raised foundations to reduce salt water intrusion Monthly community stakeholder meeting to discuss on preparedness Early warning system in local language and disseminate through local radio stations Growing different vegetable varieties on embankments for productive use of fallow land New and diversified livelihoods Cyclones / storm surges Structural/hard Sea Level Rise Institutional Multi-coastal impacts Institutional Structural/soft Institutional Embankment cropping Hydroponics Homestead ecosystem protection Cultivating leafy vegetables and other crops on floating gardens Plantation of specific fruit trees around homestead area Risk insurance mechanisms Farmers educated on comprehensive risk insurance, focusing on sea level rise and coastal agriculture Integrating climate change into education Formal and informal teacher training and curriculum development on climate change, vulnerability, and risk management Restoration, regeneration and management of Bio-shield Community-led reforestation and afforestation of mangrove plantations, Community participation in local government decision making Active female participation in local government planning and budgeting processes to facilitate delivery of priority coastal adaptation needs

Storm Water Drainage • • Urban system has two critical elements (a) infrastructure (b) livelihood along with quality of life. These include urban heat island effect, urban flooding due to impervious surfaces, sea level rise threatening development and life in coastal cities and water logging. The following stressors would impact the city vulnerability due to climate change. Stressors Impact Sub-system to be affected Change in precipitation Urban flooding (high intensity single day rainfall) Livelihood disruption, damage to economic infrastructure, water quality loss and water borne diseases, vector borne diseases High intensity cyclones Water logging and storm surges in the habitat loss, health sea hazard (mostly for coastal cities) Livelihood disruption, loss to power systems and water supply infrastructure, water quality loss and water borne diseases, vector borne diseases Rise in temperature Heat stress, stressing power supply, water supply infrastructure, loss of livelihood, productivity loss due to shortened working hour, health system stress (heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke) Heat island effect

Perspective plan Government Odisha has been trying to cope with the urban flooding issue and has the following perspective plan for Storm water drainage Coverage of storm water drainage network Year % of vulnerable area Baseline 48. 30% By 2016 48. 30% By 2017 50% By 2018 56% by 2019 73% by 2020 81%

How much GHG Agriculture contributes? Agriculture has been shown to produce significant amount of effect on climate change by production and release of different greenhouse gases (GHG) such as Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide. It accounts for 10 -12% of total global anthropogenic emissions. As per IPCC, agriculture contributes to 47% of anthropogenic methane and 58% of nitrous oxide emissions. In Agriculture, rice production contributes maximum methane emission. A study of GHG emissions from irrigated rice in India revealed that total methane emission in Kharif season(105 days) ranged from 24. 5 to 37. 2 Kg ha-1

Problems Now summers have become longer, winters have become warmer and rains from 120 to 90 days –Erratic CC is expected to aggravate stresses on natural systems, including hydrological system and groundwater resources putting agricultural use at stake. Adaptation benefit of System of Rice Intensification System of rice intensification is a methodology of rice cultivation which has higher productivity of irrigated rice applying lesser amount of inputs, including seeds, fertiliser and water requirement. The system of rice intensification offers numerous benefits against various climate change implications.

• By cutting the demands that rice farmers make on surface irrigation and ground water supplies, SRI can take pressure off scare freshwater and aquifers supplies. • Reduced use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides coupled with higher inputs of organic improves environment management. • With deeper root system, SRI plant can withstand temporary water stress condition. Drought tolerance has more relevance for small and marginal farmers as they have least access to irrigation water. • SRI plants are resistant to disease and pest attack. Given the rate of disease pest attack under climate change scenario, SRI benefit is more relevance in the face of climate change • SRI rice is less vulnerable to severe weather stress conditions due to its deeper root system and better plant growth • Under SRI cultivation, varieties mature early than conventional method. This reduces the frequency of losses due to bad weather, pest or diseases, which come at the end of normal growing season and expected to occur more with climate change.

OVERALL ASSESSMENT Cases Multi-purpose cyclone shelter: sea-level rise vulnerability and adaptation options Score Remark 56 Adequate and effective Strom water drainage: Climate adaptation in cities System of Rice Intensification 48 0 -14 15 -29 30 -44 45 -60 >60 48 Adequate and effective ineffective partially effective adequate and effective Highly effective

Climate Finance - External - Internal - Private Proper budgeting Curbing Environmental Pollution through implementation of Acts & Rules to minimize release of GHG Climate Change Mainstreaming Awareness generation: Press/Media, Government machinery, Gender issues, Policy makers may be also be involved in the process Sectoral interventions at the Government level considering Priorities of the Policy makers

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