Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s Origins American

Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s

Origins… �American Indian Movement (AIM) = Red Power Movement �Formed in Minneapolis, MN in 1968 �Begins to spread across the country within 2 years, i. e. Cleveland, OH �Gains publicity through the media � 1970 American Indian Press Association (AIPA) founded- feeds Native news to papers � 2 results: public more aware of Native issues, political sympathy and awareness from Congress

Impact… � 1972 Indian Education Act = Indian parents granted greater control of children’s schools � 1976 Indian Health Care Act = attempts to address inequality in Indian health care � 1978 Indian Child Welfare Act = tribes granted control for custody issues with Indian children �Williams vs. Lee (1959) = tribal courts can rule on cases with non-Indians �Menominee Tribe vs. US (1968) = federal govt. cannot invalidate hunting and fishing rights granted via treaties �Courts allow casinos, cigarette sales, and levying taxes on tribal land

Civil Rights legislation �July 2 nd, 1964 Civil Rights Act signed into law by President Johnson �act outlawed segregation in businesses such as theaters, restaurants, and hotels �banned discriminatory practices in employment �ended segregation in public places such as swimming pools, libraries, and public schools

Voting Act of 1965 �August 6 th, 1965 bill signed into law by President Johnson �Outlaws literacy tests �National poll taxes abolished by 24 th amendment in 1964 �Federal examiners appointed (can register voters) �Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections (1966) bans state and local poll taxes

Challenges to Jim Crow laws �Rosa Parks Dec. 1 st, 1955 �Arrested, fingerprinted, and jailed �Feb. 1 st, 1960 Woolworth “sit-in” in Greensboro, N. C. �“Freedom riders” sponsored by CORE (Congress of Racial Equality )

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. �January 15, 1929 -April 4, 1968 �Montgomery Bus boycott, lasted 380 days � 1 st “big” nonviolent protest �King’s leadership in the boycott was key �Elevates him to national spotlight

Nonviolent protest �Tradition taken from the teachings of Christianity (love your enemies) and Ghandi (nonviolent protests) �Creates a passive aggressive way to pressure legislatures to change civil rights laws

Malcom X �born Malcolm Little on May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska � 7 years prison for buglary �Upon release avid member of NOI (nation of Islam) �Breaks with NOI due to leader’s immorality and lies �Begins to preach integration �Assassinated Feb. 21 st, 1965

Black Power Movement �James Meredith, 1 st black student at Univ. of Miss. , gets assassinated �Stokely Carmichael of SNCC creates phrase “black power” �Emphasis on racial pride �Denounced by MLK Jr. �Beginning of a movement

Black Panthers �Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founders in Oakland, CA in Oct. 1966 �Openly took up arms to aid their communities against police brutality �Police and Black Panthers fought across the country �FBI integrated and aided in its demise