Checkpoint Answers Test 5 Chapter 16 Checkpoint 1

Checkpoint Answers Test 5

Chapter 16 Checkpoint 1 • 1. Which of the following is NOT a component of respiration? A. gas exchange B. oxygen utilization *C. speech D. ventilation • 2. Type I alveolar cells secrete pulmonary surfactant. (T/F) • 3. The conducting zone contains all of the following EXCEPT A. the primary bronchi. B. the larynx. C. the terminal bronchioles. *D. the respiratory bronchioles. • 4. The parietal pleura covers the surface of the lungs. (T/F)

Checkpoint 2 • 1. Intrapleural pressure _____ during expiration. *A. increases B. decreases C. remains unchanged • 2. What law states that the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume? Boyle’s • 3. Lung compliance increases as the amount of surfactant in the lung increases. (T/F) • 4. According to who's law, is the pressure in a small alveolus greater than a large alveolus as long as the surface tension is equal? A. Boyle's law B. Dalton's law *C. Laplace's law D. Henry's law • 5. Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) is a condition associated with premature babies who lack _surfactant__.

Checkpoint 3 • 1. Contraction of the internal intercostal muscles expands the thoracic cavity. (T/F) • 2. Quiet inspiration will _increase_ thoracic and lung volume and __decrease__ intrapulmonary pressure. • 3. The volume of gas inspired or expired in a quiet respiration cycle is the _tidal volume____. • 4. The maximum amount of gas that can be inspired after a normal tidal expiration is the inspiratory capacity. (T/F) • 5. The total amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration is the _total lung capacity____.

Checkpoint 4 • • 1. Who's law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures that each gas in the mixture would exert independently? Dalton’s 2. The presence of water vapor in the air will reduce the partial pressure of oxygen. (T/F) 3. Who's law states that the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas? Henry’s 4. Normal arterial PO 2 is __100 mm. Hg__. 5. Normal alveolar PO 2 is __105______. 6. Normal venous PCO 2 is __46______. 7. Normal alveolar PCO 2 is __40______. 8. Normal venous PO 2 is __40______.

Checkpoint 5 • • • 1. Blood p. H is indirectly proportional to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood. (T/F) 2. Peripheral chemoreceptors that can detect changes in blood p. H are located in the _carotid bodies_____ and _aortic bodies___ 3. Central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata directly detect changes in the p. H of the _CSF___ • 4. Hyperventilation is stimulated by A. increased activity of the apneustic center. B. decreased contraction of the scalenes. *C. hypercapnia D. hypoxemia. • 5. The primary drive to breathe is elicited by _increased PCO 2__.

Checkpoint 6 • 1. The production of hemoglobin and red blood cells in bone marrow is controlled by a hormone called thymopoietin. (T/F) • 2. The form of hemoglobin with iron in a reduced state and bonded to oxygen is *A. oxyhemoglobin. B. deoxyhemoglobin. C. methemoglobin. D. carboxyhemoglobin • 3. The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is _increased__ as the partial pressure of oxygen is raised. • 4. Increasing arterial blood temperature decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. (T/F) • 5. In anemia, 2, 3 -DPG is _increased__ and oxygen affinity is _decreased__.

Checkpoint 7 • 1. Inhibiting carbonic anhydrase in erythrocytes would cause a decrease in the p. H of arterial blood. (T/F) • 2. The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as _bicarbonate ion___. • 3. Respiratory acidosis results from hyperventilation. (T/F) • 4. The metabolic regulation of blood p. H occurs in A. the lungs. B. the liver. *C. the kidneys. D. all organs. • 5. Respiratory acidosis would be compensated by increased retention of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys. (T/F)

Checkpoint 8 • 1. During exercise, arterial carbon dioxide is normally increased. (T/F) • 2. The immediate increase in ventilation as exercise begins can be explained through both neurogenic and humoral responses. (T/F) • 3. Acclimatization to high altitude results in _____ 2, 3 -DPG in erythrocytes. *A. increased B. decreased C. no change in

Chapter 18 Checkpoint 1 • 1. The gastrointestinal tract generates monomers from polymers by condensation. (T/F) • 2. Wavelike muscular contraction of the gastrointestinal tract is called _peristalsis___. • 3. The movement of digested food into the blood or lymph is called _absorption___. • 4. Place the tunics of the GI tract wall in the correct order from superficial to deep. A. submucosa, serosa, muscularis B. mucosa, muscularis, submucosa, serosa C. serosa, submucosa, muscularis *D. serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa • 5. The intrinsic regulation of the GI tract is conferred by the autonomic nervous system. (T/F)

Checkpoint 2 • 1. The initial phase of deglutition is a voluntary process. (T/F) • 2. Chewing of food is called _mastication____. • 3. Inhibiting the actions of the parietal cells would stimulate protein digestion. (T/F) • 4. The _ECL cells__ of the stomach and intestine secrete histamine and serotonin. • 5. Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium associated with *A. peptic ulcers. B. hiatal hernia. C. acid reflux. D. pancreatitis.

Checkpoint 3 • 1. The brush border is a term used to describe the mucosa of the small intestine. (T/F) • 2. Protein digestion would decrease if lactase were not present on the brush border. (T/F) • 3. The mixing movement of the small intestine is called _segmentation__. • 4. The primary function of the large intestine is *A. water and electrolyte reabsorption. B. mineral absorption. C. hormone degradation. D. degrading toxins. • 5. The intestinal microbiota have a mutualistic relationship with humans. (T/F) • 6. Normal levels of intestinal microbiota help protect us from pathogenic bacteria. (T/F)

Checkpoint 4 • 1. Bile is produced by the gallbladder. (T/F) • 2. Blood from the digestive organs enters general circulation and eventually reaches the liver for processing. (T/F) • 3. The enterohepatic circulation is between the _liver_ and _intestines_. • 4. Bile is derived from cholesterol. (T/F) • 5. Zymogens are inactive forms of _pancreatic_ enzymes.

Checkpoint 5 • 1. The first of the three phases of extrinsic control of gastric function is the gastric phase. (T/F) • 2. The major stimulus for the secretion of HCl during the cephalic phase of gastric regulation is A. the smell of food. B. vagal stimulation of chief cells. *C. release of histamine by ECL cells. D. vagal stimulation of parietal cells. • 3. The arrival of chyme into the duodenum begins the __intestinal__ phase of stomach function. • 4. Enterogasterone will _inhibit__ gastric function. • 5. Secretin stimulates chief cells to secrete pepsinogen. (T/F)

Checkpoint 6 • 1. Digestion of starch starts in the stomach. (T/F) • 2. Carbohydrate digestion occurs in the _mouth_ and _duodenum__. • 3. Protein digestion begins in the stomach, but most protein digestion occurs in the _duodenum__ and _jejunum__. • 4. Fats are digested into fatty acids and glycerol. (T/F) • 5. Low-density lipoproteins functions to remove and degrade cholesterol. (T/F) • 6. Protection against atherosclerosis is believed to be associated with an *A. elevated HDL-cholesterol. B. elevated LDL-cholesterol. C. elevated total cholesterol. D. elevated VLDL-cholesterol.

Chapter 17 Checkpoint 1 • 1. The main function of the kidneys is the regulation of the intracellular fluid. F • 2. What structures carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder? ureters • 3. What structure carries urine from the bladder to the outside? urethra • 4. Damage to which of the following neurons would impair micturition? A. parasympathetic neurons B. sympathetic neurons C. pudendal somatic motor neurons *D. All of the choices are correct. • 5. Which of the following is the correct order of the nephron tubule structures? A. distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, proximal convoluted tubule, Bowman's capsule B. proximal convoluted tubule, Bowman's capsule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle *C. Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule D. loop of Henle, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule

Checkpoint 2 • 1. Which of the following is NOT a potential filtration barrier in the glomerular capsule? A. glomerular basement membrane B. capillary fenestrae *C. parietal layer of the capsule D. slit diaphragm • 2. What is the net filtration pressure of the glomerular capillaries? A. 10 mm Hg inward B. 15 mm Hg outward C. 15 mm Hg inward *D. 10 mm Hg outward • 3. The average glomerular filtration rate is _180 L/day__. • 4. The ability of the kidneys to maintain a relatively constant GFR despite fluctuating blood pressures is called _autoregulation__. • 5. Hypotension would induce _____ of afferent arterioles. A. constriction *B. dilation C. no change

Checkpoint 3 • 1. The minimum urine volume needed to excrete metabolic wastes produced by the body is called the _obligatory water loss_. • 2. The return of molecules from the tubules to the blood is called _reabsorption_. • 3. The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs approximately 65% of water and ions salt entering it. (T/F) • 4. As the tubular filtrate moves through the descending limb of the loop of Henle, the osmolality of the filtrate increases. (T/F) • 5. The __ascending__ limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water. • 6. The _descending__ limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to salt.

Checkpoint 4 • 1. The movement of molecules and ions from the peritubular capillaries into interstitial fluid and then into the nephron tubule is called _secretion__. • 2. The ability of the kidneys to remove molecules from the blood plasma by excreting them in the urine is known as A. glomerular filtration. *B. renal clearance. C. micturition. D. reabsorption. • 3. Renal clearance is decreased by reabsorption and increased by secretion. (T/F) • 4. Inulin clearance is equal to the glomerular filtration rate. (T/F) • 5. The renal plasma clearance of a substance that is filtered and secreted is _greater than_ the GFR.

Checkpoint 5 • 1. Inhibition of _aldosterone__ secretion from the adrenal cortex stimulates hyperkalemia. • 2. Granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus respond to decreased blood volume and increased sympathetic nerve activity by secreting _renin__. • 3. The presence of renin secreting tumors may cause A. hypertension. B. increased aldosterone secretion. C. increased renal sodium reabsorption. *D. All of the choices are correct. • 4. Aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by a(n) _decrease_ in blood Na+ or a(n) _increase_ in blood K+. • 5. Bicarbonate must be converted to _carbon dioxide_ to move into tubule cells to reduce blood p. H.

Checkpoint 6 • 1. Hypertension and edema are often treated with diuretics. (T/F) • 2. Loop diuretics such as Lasix A. inhibit the actions of ADH. B. add extra solutes to the filtrate. *C. inhibit active transport of salt out of the ascending loop of Henle limb. D. inhibit salt transport in the first section of the distal tubule. • 3. Glomerulonephritis may result from destruction of the glomerular capillary basement membrane. (T/F) • 4. Renal insufficiency A. stimulates metabolic alkalosis. B. often results from dialysis. *C. may occur as a result of arteriosclerosis. D. stimulates hypokalemia.

Chapter 20 Checkpoint 1 • 1. Sertoli cells are stimulated by _FSH__, while Leydig cells are stimulated by __LH__. • 2. The Leydig cells of the testes constitute a blood-testis barrier that prevents autoimmune destruction of the sperm. (T/F) • 3. Sperm are stored and matured in the _epididymus_. • 4. Emission and ejaculation are under parasympathetic nerve control. (T/F)

Checkpoint 2 • 1. The corpus luteum secretes both estradiol and progesterone. (T/F) • 2. What is it called when a mature follicle ruptures and ejects the oocyte toward the uterine tube? __ovulation___ • 3. What hormone triggers ovulation? LH • 4. The ______ phase of the endometrium is supported when the ovary is in the luteal phase. A. proliferative *B. secretory C. menstrual D. ovulatory • 5. Pheromones are responsible for the dormitory effect of synchronized menstrual cycles of females living together. (T/F)