CHALLENGES OF FIRE AND FLOODS IN HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
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CHALLENGES OF FIRE AND FLOODS IN HUMAN SETTLEMENTS By Department of Housing (National)
INTRODUCTION Contextualize the issue and provide the nuts and bolts, Raise issues for consideration • International experience : • communities in informal settlements are vulnerable to • environmental hazards • nature and location of the settlement • external threats from outside the settlement • Local governments : • more aware of the environmental risks • required to respond and mobilise their resources to assist such communities.
INTRODUCTION • Are urban policies are well designed enough to prevent disasters • Are adequate mechanisms in place to respond to disasters • Can sufficient resources be mobilised for post-disaster reconstruction. • Criterion for assessing disaster preparedness and responses by local authorities (DFID report, 2000) : • Are the ‘livelihoods’ of affected communities : • satisfactorily understood • supported • enhanced in the aftermath of disasters, • whether current conditions suggest that more sustainable settlements are being produced
Background Total population 44 819 780 (96 -01) population growth 2. 09% p. a. Rural 41. 83% household growth rate 4. 7% p. a. household size reduced 4. 5 to 4 ’ 96 to ‘ 01 Urban 59. 17%
Key Elements for Sustainable Human Settlements Rural Economy Space Informal Formal Governance Urban Environment
1. 45 m – 1. 84 m hh Informal settlements Urbanisation Rate 65% Rural Areas 41. 83% Urbanisation Rate 65% Informal freestanding Backyard Urban: 59% 30% new hh formulation
VULNERABILITY IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS • Over 12% of households living in freestanding informal housing : • most often located on the periphery of cities • experience the risks associated with • lack of services • inappropriate land for • Location • steep slopes (Inanda, Durban), • flood planes (Alexandra, Johannesburg), • close to mine dumps (East Rand, near Johannesburg), • close to heavy industrial areas (Wentworth, Durban), landfill sites settlement.
VULNERABILITY TO DISASTER • Nature of the settlement • materials utilised to build structure • prone to rapidly spreading fire (Cape Town, JHB etc) • collapsing structures. • health risks (rising damp, poor indoor air quality) • Weather factors • Living conditions
• 45 000 fires as a result of paraffin cause between 2500 – 3000 deaths pa • SA hh use more than 7000 m litres of paraffin for cooking, lighting and heating every year (SA Survey 03/04)
Addressing Disasters … • Pre and Post • Pre. . Complex, • Post. . • Responsive • Post facto
Addressing Disasters … Pre disaster * Inter-departmental collaboration – holistic approach Relevant policies Early warning systems for preparedness Accidents in the home and settlements Capacity Building * Relevant legislation and systems to get buy-in from stakeholders * Address housing, economic and social issues * Education to communities
Addressing Disasters …Post • Emergency Housing Policy • Floods 2000 Limpopo, North West, and Mpumalanga 2001 floods in the Western Cape • Constitutional Court verdict in Irene Grootboom Case • Many persons in dangerous living conditions • Informal Housing Policy • Informal settlements • In situ upgrading • Access for Emergency vehicles • Basic services, water, lighting, sanitation • Inter - Ministerial Committee
ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED • Responses of the authorities before and when disaster strikes • How do we improve disaster awareness and preparedness? • Planning and development arms of government to combine with Departments responsible for disaster management • Need change in thinking around human settlement planning and design • Responses to disasters and management of risks must consider good planning for sustainable development • Official responses must place people in a stronger socioeconomic position • Disaster risk management and inter-departmental collaboration
Breaking New Ground - Sustainable Human Settlement • Social facilities and amenities • Housing • Safety • Economic opportunities • Viable communities • Need to Plan for Sustainable Human Settlements
Summary of Emergency Housing Policy * Temporary assistance except where formal houses are to be repaired/reconstructed * Is limited to essentials * National Norms and standards will not apply * Will augment disaster initiatives * Not an alternative for normal projects * Will accommodate wide range of beneficiaries * Should be initial phase for permanent solution
Summary of Emergency Housing Policy * Can be used where people become homeless due to situations beyond their control (floods, fires, storms, earthquakes, sinkholes, industrial incidents) * Live in dangerous conditions eg. below flood lines, on dolomite, undermined land etc
Summary of Emergency Housing Policy • Also applicable to persons who : • Live in way of services • Are evicted or threatened by eviction • Whose houses are to be demolished • Are displaced due to conflict or unrest • Live in life threatening conditions • In exceptional housing need and emergency
Summary of Emergency Housing Policy • Permanent housing solution approach should always be first option • - Application of programme : Repair Reconstruction on existing area Reconstruction in new area with services Provision of am Emergency Housing unit
Summary of Emergency Housing Policy Qualification Criteria - The normal subsidy criteria will not apply - Income may exceed R 3 500, 00 pm - Non Citizens - Minor headed households - Singles - Non first time owners - Previous beneficiaries
Thank you
- Bid rent theory example
- Advantages of washlands
- Rural settlement issue
- Example of linear settlement
- Mr. flood's party analysis
- Ladysmith floods 1994
- Deform
- Bangladesh floods case study
- Conclusion of flood
- York floods 2000
- 2008 floods mackay
- Banbury floods 1998
- Morpeth floods 2008
- English settlements in america
- French east india company country
- River rock life settlements
- Citystate informal settlements
- Major indigenous settlements in tennessee
- Functions of settlements
- European settlements in india 1498-1739
- German vikings
- The basic systems and services of a city
- European colonies in north america