Ch 11 Age of Reformation Protestant Reformation Spreads

Ch 11: Age of Reformation Protestant Reformation Spreads

The Protestant Reformation started with a simple question: What must I do to be saved?

Lutheranism ◦ Martin Luther, 1520 • Germany • Denmark • Norway • Sweden

Lutheranism Doctrine ◦ Services & Bible in vernacular ◦ Clergy could marry ◦ No Purgatory! ◦ Priests unnecessary; “Priesthood of all believers” ◦ Two sacraments remained: Baptism and Eucharist (Lord’s Supper) ◦ Believed in transubstantiation = Jesus’ presence in Communion

Ulrich Zwingli ◦ 1484 -1531, Switzerland ◦ Preached salvation through faith alone, scriptures should be basis of religious practice ◦ Services in simple vernacular

Ulrich Zwingli ◦ Conflict with Luther = first major Protestant doctrine dispute Against transubstantiation = communion bread and wine are simply a symbol of Christ Zwingli developed symbolic view of Eucharist ◦ Killed in fighting against Catholics Luther vs. Zwingli in Marburg debate, 1529

Radical Reformers: Anabaptists o Broke from Zwingli in Switzerland (spread to Netherlands, Italy, Poland) o Appealed to poor (Desire to return to early Christianity’s equality) o Adult baptism o Apocalyptic (the end is near) o Did not accept government authority o Became Mennonites

Radical Reformers: Anabaptists o Catholics & Protestants sought to root out these communities, became a crime punishable by death Munster Rebellion, 1532 -1535 o Anabaptists capture city of Munster o Shared property and possessions, polygamy o Catholics & Lutherans storm city o Turning point for Anabaptists o Partition b/w pacifists and non-pacifists o Menno Simons led the pacifists o Separation from the world o Mennonites

Calvinism ◦ John Calvin, (1509 -1564) France & Switzerland • Switzerland • France • German States • Scotland • Netherlands

Calvinism Doctrine ◦ Studied Erasmus ◦ Fled to Switzerland because Protestantism was being crushed in France (Francis I, Henry II) ◦ Reconciliation to God through doing his will ◦ Predestination, or Doctrine of Election ◦ Geneva Consistory enforced strict religious policies Reformation Wall, Geneva

Persecution of Huguenots ◦ French Calvinists ◦ Persecuted burned at the stake, tongues cut off ◦ Fled across Europe ◦ To be continued…

Charles V ◦ Denounced Luther & Protestants ◦ Distracted by war with France ◦ When Turks advanced, he appealed to Lutheran princes for help

Peace of Augsburg, 1555 ◦ After wars, tried to reconvert Protestants back to Catholicism ◦ Tried to reform Catholic churches, met with resistance ◦ Peace of Augsburg = Compromise ◦ Prince decides the religion of his territory