Austria Prussia and Russia Holy Roman Empire The

Austria, Prussia, and Russia

Holy Roman Empire

The Thirty Years War l 1618 – 1648 l Began in city of Prague with an anti. Catholic rebellion l Almost all of Europe would become involved l 30 – 50% of Europe’s population killed

Started by fighting between German Catholics and German Protestants

The Peace of Westphalia l 1648 l Holy Roman Empire broken up into about 360 microstates l Two major new countries emerged from the war – Austria and Prussia

Europe in 1648

Austria

Leopold I l l l 1640 – 1705 Inherited the facial deformity of his great grandfather Fought wars against France, Ottomans Turned back a Muslim invasion of Europe in 1683 Married his niece/cousin who had 6 children before dying at age 21 Had 16 children by 3 wives

Charles VI 1685 – 1740 l Son of Leopold l Musician l Only had daughters, so he changed the rules of succession so his daughter could be his heir l

Maria Theresa l l l 1717 – 1780 Massive reformer of everything from education to agriculture to the military Mother of Marie Antoinette (& 15 more, 6 of which died in childhood, 3 from smallpox) Devout Catholic who distrusted Protestant nations Employed “decency police”

Prussia

Frederick William l l l 1620 – 1688 Duke of Prussia Calvinist Built Prussia into a strong military state Freed Prussia from control of Polish king, still loyal to Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick I 1657 – 1713 l King in Prussia l Negotiated the right to be called “king” from Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I l

Major Powers in 1750 Russia

Russia

Ivan the Terrible l l l l 1530 – 1584 First Tsar of Russia Probably insane Killed his own son in an argument Oprichniki Probably poisoned Died playing chess

Feodor the Bellringer l l l 1557 – 1598 Ivan’s son Mentally retarded Let his brother-in-law run the government Suffered a mental breakdown when his only child died at 2

Mikhail Romanov 1596 – 1645 l Elected tsar in 1613 l Brought peace to Russia after 15 years of unrest l Established the Romanov dynasty which would rule until 1917 l

Alexis I 1629 – 1676 l Tsar at 16 l Expanded Russia’s borders l Gave refuge to English royalists who fled when Charles I was beheaded l

Peter the Great l l l l 1672 – 1725 Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov Became tsar at age 10 6 foot 8 & incredibly strong Traveled in the west for 18 months, learning much about “modern” nations Built a new capital city at St. Petersburg Had his own son tortured and killed Died of urinary tract infection after helping rescue some drowning men

Forced Russia to become more like Western Europe l l l l Reformed the Russian Orthodox Church Banned men under 50 from becoming monks Changed social ranking from heredity to merit-based Required children of nobles be educated in math and science Adjusted the Russian calendar Required nobles to dress in western style and to cut their beards Ended arranged marriages

Forced social reforms

Expanded Russia’s borders

Peter’s policies hurt the serfs, because they had to pay all of the financial costs