The Origin of Kingdom of Prussia When Elector

The Origin of Kingdom of Prussia 普鲁士王国的建立 When Elector Friedrich III crowned himself King Friedrich I in Prussia in 1701, the new kingdom ruled by the Hohenzollern dynasty became known as the Kingdom of Prussia. n After the First Partition of Poland in 1772, part of the former Polish province Royal Prussia, was merged with East Prussia. On January 31, 1773 King Friedrich II announced that the newly annexed lands were to be known as West Prussia and the old Duchy of Prussia was to be known as East Prussia. n

The Growth of Prussia 普鲁士王国的扩张 Light Blue: Prussia in 1865 Dark Blue: Annexed by Prussia, 1866 Light Blue Line: Border of North German Confederation

Toward the Unification of Germany( 1740 -1871 ) 统一之路

Bismarck (1815 -98) 俾斯麦 n German statesman and Prussian junker, known as “The Iron Chancellor”. He was appointed prime minister of Prussia (1862) in order to push army reform through parliament. In 1871, he became the first chancellor of the German Riech.

“The Iron and Blood Chancellor” “铁血宰相” n On Sept. 30, 1862, Bismarck said in the parliament, “Germany has its eyes not on Prussia’s liberalism, but on its power. The great events of our day will not be decided by speeches and resolutions of majority, but by blood and iron. ”

Schleswig-Holstein 普、奥同丹麦的战争（1864）夺得石勒苏益格和霍尔斯泰因 n The duchies of Schleswig and Holstein became the personal possessions of the king of Denmark in 1460, though the population was largely German. Prussia, to stop a Danish attempt to annex the duchies, with Austria force Denmark to give them up(1864), Prussia taking Schleswig and Austria Holstein.

Austro-Prussian War (1866) （also known as: Seven Weeks‘ War） 普奥战争(图为萨多瓦战役） The Austro-Prussian War, provoked by Bismarck over the Schleswig-Holstein controversy. Prussia was supported by Italy, while Austria was allied with Saxony, Hanover and several S. German states. The Prussian army under von Moltke won rapid victories, ending with decisive Battle of Sadowa ( July 3, 1866) and the treaty of Prague (Aug. 23, 1866).

Prague Treaty(Aug. 23, 1866) 布拉格条约 n Prussia kept all the territories it had captured. n A North German Confederation was set up under the control of Prussia. n A federal Diet (parliament) was established for the states in this North German Confederation. The Diet would be elected and each state could keep its own laws and customs. n The southern German states formed their own independent confederation. n Austria promised to stay out of German affairs. n Austria paid compensation to Prussia but did not lose land to it. Prussia did not want to weaken Austria too much since it might be a useful ally in the future against Prussia's enemies.

North German Confederation (1867) 北德意志联邦

Franco-Prussian War (1870 -71) 普法战争 n A French cartoon ， depicting the German chancellor Bismarck, with Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany riding a pig (Napoleon) down the Champs Elysées in Paris, France.

German Empire ( Deutsches Reich，1871 ) 德意志帝国的建立