Chapter 5 The Roman Republic and Empire 700

Chapter 5 The Roman Republic and Empire 700 B. C. – A. D. 180

Section 1: The Roman Republic • Early Rome – – Latins Early Romans similar to Greeks Etruscans Expand through Italy • The Roman Republic – 509 B. C. – formed a Republic – a government in which supreme power belongs to the citizens, who elect leaders – The Senate • 300 member council – Patricians – Consuls – ran the government and led the army – The Plebeians – common people • Elect tribunes • The Twelve Tables – laws, mostly to protect common people • By 287 B. C. plebeians and patricians had equal rights

• Roman Society – The Army • Women have a larger role • Education • Religion - Polytheism, similar to Greeks Section 2: From Republic to Empire • The Punic Wars – Carthage – – Three wars with Carthage known as Punic Wars • First Punic War 264 -241 B. C. – Rome wins and adds Sicily • Second Punic War 218 -202 B. C. – Hannibal – Carthaginian general, invaded from the North – Scipio and Hannibal collide at Battle of Zama – Rome wins • Third Punic War 149 -146 B. C. – Rome wins and burns Carthage

• Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean – During Punic Wars, Rome also defeats Macedonia, Greece, and Asia Minor • Decline of the Republic – Farm Debts • War destroys farms, surplus lowers prices on goods – Unemployment – Attempts at Reform • Tiberius Gracchus – reforms to help the poor • Gaius Gracchus – won rights for the middle class • Slave Revolts – Spartacus – 73 B. C.

• Julius Caesar – – Brought Gaul (France) and Britain under rule Caesar defeats Pompey in Civil War Popular reforms Assassinated on the Ides of March 44 B. C. by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius • The End of the Republic – Octavian and Mark Anthony (Cleopatra) fight for rule – Octavian defeats Anthony in 31 B. C. – Octavian takes the name Augustus • The Age of Augustus – Reforms in Army and Government • Took complete control of the army – Expanded citizenship – Restored traditional values • Rulers of Pax Romana – 27 B. C. to A. D. 180, years of peace and prosperity

Section 2: The Rise of the Roman Empire Octavian – known in history as Augustus • The Age of Augustus – Reforms in Army and Government – Took complete control of the army – Expanded citizenship – Restored traditional values • Rulers of Pax Romana – 27 B. C. to A. D. 180, years of peace and prosperity

• Augustus’ Successors – No law of succession • Successors: – – – – – Tiberius – problems in politics Caligula – incompetent and cruel Claudius – restored order, added Britain Nero – bloodthirsty and violent Vespasian – controlled army, defeated Judea uprising Nerva – set up adoptive system Trajan – Empire reaches greatest size Hadrian – protected rather than expand Marcus Aurelius – problems with Germanic peoples from the North, last of Pax Romana

Achievements of the Pax Romana • During this time the empire achieved its greatest glory – Order – overall good government – Prosperity – new cities were built, old cities flourished – Unity – 70 million people brought together under one empire

Section 3: Roman Society and Culture • Class Divisions – Rich and poor • Poor had little political involvement • Farmers made up majority of population • Slavery was very common • Popular entertainment – Circus Maximus and Colosseum – Chariot Racing and Gladiator fights

• Family Life – Men ruled families • Women obeyed fathers, husbands • Arranged marriages, however, women can’t be forced • Education – Formal system of education for boys – Reading, writing, arithmetic – Stressed oratory development • Religion – – – Gods similar to the Greeks Jupiter, Mars, Juno Unconcerned with morality Sought the gods for answers Problems with religion paved the way for new religions

• Greek Influence on Roman Culture – History, Literature, Art – Greco-Roman Culture – Skilled in engineering, government, and law • Literature – – Virgil – Aeneid livy – History of Rome Horace – wrote of wars Ovid – wrote of wealth, fashion, romance, and other pleasures • Art and Architecture – Artists focused on realism – Architects built roads, bridges, aqueducts • Science – Ptolemy and Galen • Roman Law – still influence seen in Italy, Spain, France, and Latin America – Cicero – Law of Nations • Laws apply the same to all under the empire