APUSH UNIT 6 1865 1898 KEY THEMES Modernization

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APUSH UNIT 6 1865 -1898

APUSH UNIT 6 1865 -1898

KEY THEMES Ø Ø Ø Ø Modernization & Laissez-Faire Immigration vs. Native Born Grange

KEY THEMES Ø Ø Ø Ø Modernization & Laissez-Faire Immigration vs. Native Born Grange Movement Populist Party The Gilded Age and Robber Barons l Gospel of Wealth (social gospel movement) The Rise of Political Corruption l Tammany Hall Labors growth and clash with business Rise of Jim Crow Segregation l Plessy v. Ferguson

Key Terms for Unit 6 Large Trusts Ø Pacific Rim, Asia, and Latin American

Key Terms for Unit 6 Large Trusts Ø Pacific Rim, Asia, and Latin American Markets Ø Laissez-Faire Policies Ø New South Ø People’s Party (Populist Party) Ø Americanization Ø Middle Class Ø Transcontinental Railroads Ø Railroads, Mining, Farming, Ranching Ø

Key Terms Continued Ø Social Gospel Ø Jane Adams Ø Gilded Age Ø Social

Key Terms Continued Ø Social Gospel Ø Jane Adams Ø Gilded Age Ø Social Darwinism Ø American Indians

Promontory Point, Utah May 10, 1869

Promontory Point, Utah May 10, 1869

Time Zones in the US brought about because of needs of RRs for standardized

Time Zones in the US brought about because of needs of RRs for standardized time

Ø American farmers in the Midwest most hurt by railroad abuses l l Ø

Ø American farmers in the Midwest most hurt by railroad abuses l l Ø Depression in 1870 s brings protests Farmers organized into groups like the Grange Movement and worked with state legislatures to regulate railroads, reducing prices, so railroads sued in Federal Court 1886 – Wabash v. Illinois l Supreme Court ruled that states could not regulate interstate (between states) commerce

Ø 1887 – Interstate Commerce Act passed by Congress {pushed after Wabash case} l

Ø 1887 – Interstate Commerce Act passed by Congress {pushed after Wabash case} l Prohibited rebates and pools l Required railroads to publish rates openly l Stopped discrimination against shippers l Can’t charge more for short than long hauls l Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) set up to enforce the law l 1 st time Fed Government attempts to regulate a portion of the economy

President Grant ----Administration deals with 4 major corruption scandals 1. Gold Market 2. Railroads

President Grant ----Administration deals with 4 major corruption scandals 1. Gold Market 2. Railroads 3. Whiskey Ring 4. Indian Lands

Corruption not limited to Federal Government -------Boss Tweed is finally stopped by 1871 N.

Corruption not limited to Federal Government -------Boss Tweed is finally stopped by 1871 N. Y. Times investigation

Ø Panic of 1873 l Caused by over-expansion of railroads, mines, factories, farms &

Ø Panic of 1873 l Caused by over-expansion of railroads, mines, factories, farms & fueled by bad loans l Economy collapsed leading to bank runs l Led to depression that lasted for 4 years l The other issue was the greenbacks and it would ultimately lead to the Silver/Gold movement

Ø 1877 Reconstruction ends and Republicans abandoned blacks in South l l Civil Rights

Ø 1877 Reconstruction ends and Republicans abandoned blacks in South l l Civil Rights Act of 1875 • Guaranteed equal accommodations in public places but passed without enforcement measures Civil Rights Cases (1883) • Supreme Court declared Act unconstitutional • 14 th Amendment prohibited governmental discrimination not private discrimination

Civil War Pensions and Pensioners, 1866– 1917

Civil War Pensions and Pensioners, 1866– 1917

Ø Cleveland believed government should keep its hands off business affairs (laissez -faire) l

Ø Cleveland believed government should keep its hands off business affairs (laissez -faire) l l l “Though the people support the government, the government should not support the people. ” (Cleveland) He would veto many Civil War pension bills He is the only Democratic President between 1860 and 1912.

Andrew Carnegie was king of steel: Scottish immigrant who rose from poverty to wealth

Andrew Carnegie was king of steel: Scottish immigrant who rose from poverty to wealth and then gave almost all away Gospel of Wealth

Combining into 1 organization all phases of manufacturing. Provided manufacturers with more reliable supplies,

Combining into 1 organization all phases of manufacturing. Provided manufacturers with more reliable supplies, more control over quality, and eliminated middlemen’s fees

Bessemer Process

Bessemer Process

Jay Gould-Stock Manipulations

Jay Gould-Stock Manipulations

J. P. Morgan World’s Leading Banker

J. P. Morgan World’s Leading Banker

John D. Rockefeller Organizes Standard Oil Company to dominate the oil industry

John D. Rockefeller Organizes Standard Oil Company to dominate the oil industry

What a Puny Little Government

What a Puny Little Government

Who is “strong” and who is “weak”?

Who is “strong” and who is “weak”?

POPULATION GROWTH Ø Massive immigration in 1880 s and 1890 s includes large Chinese

POPULATION GROWTH Ø Massive immigration in 1880 s and 1890 s includes large Chinese immigration bringing laws to exclude Ø Immigrants flood cities leading to the power of political machines and corruption at all levels of government

Welcome?

Welcome?

The Shift to the City The % of population living in cities doubles from

The Shift to the City The % of population living in cities doubles from 1860 to 1900

The Urban Slum: Jacob Riis

The Urban Slum: Jacob Riis

Lower East Side New York City

Lower East Side New York City

A School in New York, 1886

A School in New York, 1886

Looking Backward

Looking Backward

Bad $ Times bring Discontent Ø 1892 – People’s Party (Populists) emerged l Grew

Bad $ Times bring Discontent Ø 1892 – People’s Party (Populists) emerged l Grew out of Farmers’ Alliance and they want: • • unlimited coinage of silver (16 to 1 ratio) “inflation” Graduated income tax (progressive tax) Gov’t ownership of railroads, telegraph and telephone Direct election of US senators 1 -term limit for president Adoption of initiative and referendum procedures Shorter workday Immigration restriction

Populist Support in the West Election of 1892

Populist Support in the West Election of 1892

Ø Depression of 1893 l l Lasted for 4 years Worst of 1800 s

Ø Depression of 1893 l l Lasted for 4 years Worst of 1800 s : • • • (Panic) Causes included: Overbuilding and speculation Problems with workers and strikes Agricultural depression Effect of depression was collapse of businesses and failure of banks GOV’T BELIEVED IN LAZZIE FAIRE SO WOULD NOT INTERFERE OR HELP BUSINESS

Educational Spending in the South 1890 – 1910 following the Plessy decision

Educational Spending in the South 1890 – 1910 following the Plessy decision

Lynching and violence used to deny rights

Lynching and violence used to deny rights

Indian Land Losses, 1850 – 2000

Indian Land Losses, 1850 – 2000

Ø 1893 – Frederick Jackson Turner’s essay, “The Significance of the Frontier in American

Ø 1893 – Frederick Jackson Turner’s essay, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” l Frontier acted as a “safety valve”, allowing immigrants and poor in cities to move west and prosper, instead of staying in cities and spreading discontent (strikes, socialism, rebellion, etc. ) as the poor did in Europe. • Not all historians accept this “safety value” theory

Ø Grangers get states to help them Ø Farmers and the 4 D’s l

Ø Grangers get states to help them Ø Farmers and the 4 D’s l (Debt, Drought, Deflation, Depression) l State laws passed to regulate R. R. rates and fees from grain elevators and warehouses l State laws overturned by Supreme Court • Wabash v. Illinois (1886) – states had no power to regulate interstate commerce; only Congress could do that l Grange movement faded as laws stricken

“You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns,

“You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold. ”