AP PSYCHOLOGY Unit I Trivia Review History Approaches

AP PSYCHOLOGY Unit I Trivia Review: History, Approaches & Research Methods

Round 1: The History of Psychology

Round 1: Question 1 • QUESTION: In 1879, this man, determined to make psychology its own academic disciple, established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. • ANSWER: Wilhelm Wundt (the “father” of psychology)

Round 1: Question 2 • QUESTION: Which of the major historical approaches to psychology would agree with the following statement: “the melody of a song is greater than its individual notes…” • ANSWER: Gestalt Psychology (top-down processing; Max Wertheimer; “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts…”)

Round 1: Question 3 • QUESTION: The idea of “tabula rasa” as proposed by philosophers such as Aristotle and John Locke demonstrates what major issue in the modern psychological community? • ANSWER: Nature v. nurture

Round 1: Question 3 • QUESTION: Which of the major historical approaches to psychology was most concerned with the mind’s ability to adapt to its environment/surroundings? • ANSWER: Functionalism (founder – William James)

Round 1: Question 5 • QUESTION: In which setting do the majority of modern psychologists work? • ANSWER: Colleges & universities (approximately 35%)

Round 2: Major Schools of Thought

Round 2: Question 1 • QUESTION: Why did John Watson object to Sigmund Freud & his interest in the psychodynamic approach to psychology? • ANSWER: Watson disliked the fact that Freud attributed human behaviors to the unconscious mind – an unobservable element of the human mind; Watson believed that psychology should be the

Round 2: Question 2 • QUESTION: A psychologist that studies the impact of hormones on postmenopausal women is most likely using the ____ approach of psychology. • ANSWER: Biological/Biopsychology (also referred to as neuroscience)

Round 2: Question 3 • QUESTION: The development of humanistic psychology during the 1960 s is often attributed to this man. • ANSWER: Abraham Maslow (Carl Rogers was another pioneer in this movement)

Round 2: Question 4 • QUESTION: Gestalt psychology was most influential to the development of which modern school of psychological thought? • ANSWER: Cognitive psychology (developed during the 1950 s; the “cognitive revolution”; led by psychologist George Miller)

Round 2: Question 5 • QUESTION: What type of psychologist would be most likely to treat a paranoid schizophrenic who frequently experiences delusions and hallucinations? • ANSWER: Clinical psychologist (treat more severe problems, as opposed to counseling psychologists)

Round 3: Research Methods

Round 3: Question 1 • QUESTION: According to psychologists, what are the primary goals of psychological research? • ANSWER: (1) Measurement/Description (2) Understanding/Prediction (3) Application/Control

Round 3: Question 2 • QUESTION: Explain the difference between random sampling and random assignment. • ANSWER: Random sampling happens prior to the experiment in order to ensure a representative sample; random assignment is the method in which researchers assign participants to either the control group or the experimental

Round 3: Question 3 • QUESTION: Explain the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable in an experiment. • ANSWER: In an experimental group, the independent variable is thought to impact or change the dependent variable. . .

Round 3: Question 4 • QUESTION: In order for an experimental variable to be considered “measurable” researchers must first establish a(n) _____. • ANSWER: Operational definition

Round 3: Question 5 • QUESTION: How does a single-blind study differ from a double-blind study? • ANSWER: Single-blind – subjects are in the dark, prevents the placebo effect; Double-blind – both subjects and researchers are in the dark, prevents the placebo effect & the experimenter effect.

Round 4: Psychological Statistics

Round 4: Question 1 • QUESTION: What is the best measure of central tendency in the presence of a skewed distribution? • ANSWER: Median

Round 4: Question 2 • QUESTION: What two elements of a correlational relationship do correlation coefficients (r) demonstrate? • ANSWER: Strength of relationship & direction of relationship.

Round 4: Question 3 • QUESTION: Explain how one would interpret a p-value of 0. 15. • ANSWER: The data is NOT statistically significant; the probability that the results were due to chance was 15 times out of 100.

Round 4: Question 4 • QUESTION: Provide an example of both a positive correlation and a negative correlation. • ANSWER: Positive – as alcohol consumption increases, the likelihood of DUI increases; Negative – as levels of activity increase, the likelihood of heart attack decreases

Round 4: Question 5 • QUESTION: Explain the bell curve in terms of its standard deviations. • ANSWER: 68. 3% of the population falls within one SD in either direction; 95. 4% of the population falls within two SDs in either direction; 99. 7% of the population falls within three SDs in either direction…

BONUS ROUND • QUESTION: According to the APA, there are 5 major ethical considerations when conducting psychological research. What are they? • ANSWER: (1) Voluntary/informed consent (2) No physical/psychological harm (3) Deception only if debriefed (4) Privacy rights (5) Animal harm acceptable if…