AP Psych Rapid Review Unit 14 Social Psychology

AP Psych Rapid Review Unit 14 Social Psychology 8%-10%

Attributing Behavior to Persons or to Situations Attribution theory Why people behave the way they do We credit a person’s behavior with either their traits (disposition) OR the situation (environment) Dispositional vs. situational attribution

Actor-Observer Bias: attribute oue own behavior to situation & behavior of others to personal causes Fundamental attribution error tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personality traits Self-serving bias We attribute our own success to traits we have (dispositional) and our failures to situational factors

…all of this can lead to… Just-World Phenomenon: People get what they deserve Illusion of control

Leon Festinger Attitudes Cognitive Dissonance Causes individuals to change attitudes Relief from tension a. ) discrepancy between 2 thoughts or thoughts & action that b. ) causes us tensions Ex. Smoking

Self-fulfilling prophecies Tendency to let our preconceived expectations of others influence how we treat them, bringing about the very behavior we expected. Rosenthal Study…teacher expectations

Frustration-Aggression Principle In-Group / Out-Group Favor “us” Prejudice: unjustified negative attitude Discrimination: unjustified behavior Bothe arise from stereotypes: mental schemas society attributes to different groups Scapegoat theory: prejudice offers an outlet for anger by blaming the victim

3 ingredients to liking someone: Proximity Mere exposure effect Physical attractiveness Similarity intimacy passion commitment

Social Facilitation stronger responses in presence of others n odso D s e Yerk aw L

Social Loafing exert less effort when common goal Deindividuation the loss of self-awareness and self -restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

• Group Polarization – the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion with the groups

Groupthink desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic alternatives Superordinate Muzafer Goals Sherif Conflicting groups get along when have a common task

Conformity • Adjusting behaviorthinking toward group standard • Solomon Asch study Conditions That Strengthen Conformity • One is made to feel incompetent • Group has at least three people • Group is unanimous • One admires the group’s status • One has made no prior commitment • Others in group observe one’s behavior • One’s culture strongly encourages respect for social standards Stanford Prison Study (Philip Zimbardo)

Reasons for Conforming: Normative social influence desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. (to be seen as normal) Informational social influence willingness to accept other’s opinions about reality

66% obeyed Stanley Milgram Obedience Study Complying with a demand “Teacher”: confederate “Learner”: subject; didn’t know the “teacher” was a confederate Least likely to obey when: Someone else speaks up Authority figure not close Not associated w/ prestigious univ. If victim is depersonalized…see higher obedience

Persuasion Central Route Persuasion Peripheral Route Persuasion persuaded by factual indirect information does NOT give factual info consider the “heart” of the swayed by celebrity matter endorsements more durable & more superficial likely to influence behavior The Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon Tendency to comply with a large request if we already complied with a smaller request

Altruism Kitty Genovese Darley & Latane Bystander effect Tendency for bystander to be “Seizure less likely to help if others are present Diffusion of Responsibility Feel less personal responsibility as the group gets larger Experiment” Confederates faked seizure (IV) of the study was the number of persons (bystanders) (DV) was the time it took for the participant to react

GRIT – Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction. Strategy for reduction of international tensions through win-win attitudes and Why d o we l communication. eave for Reciprocity norm tips peopl e we never see ag will a give d irectio in & strang ns to ers? we should return help to those who have helped us Social-responsibility norm we help those who need our help