Introductory Psychology History Approaches AP PSYCHOLOGY UNIT I
- Slides: 39
Introductory Psychology: History & Approaches AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT I “The shoe that fits one person pinches another; there is no recipe for living that fits all cases. . . ” – Eleanor Roosevelt
What is Psychology? PART ONE
What is Psychology? �The Literal Definition The study of the soul �The Formal Definition The scientific study of behavior and mental processes �Questions to Consider Do our feelings always match our behaviors? Do our thoughts always match our feelings?
What is Psychology? �Primary Goals of Psychology Measurement & description Understanding & prediction Application & control
Big Issues in Psychology PART TWO “You don’t know your own mind…” – Jonathan Swift
Big Issue #1: Nature v. Nurture �How much of our human behavior and characteristics are innate? The role of… �Inheritance �Genetics �How much of our human behavior and characteristics are due to experience? The role of… �Experience “Tabula Rasa”
Big Issue #2: Mind & Body �What is the relationship between the mind & the body? Does the mind control the body or does the body control the mind? Is the mind nothing more the body? Might the body itself be a product of the mind? than
Big Issue #2: Mind & Body �Dualism v. Monism Dualism suggests that the brain is physical and that the mind is something else entirely… � Classical Dualism The mind controls the body (through the pineal gland) � Parallelism The mind & body are isolated; exist in separate worlds � Epiphenomenalism The brain causes the mind
Big Issue #2: Mind & Body �Dualism v. Monism suggests that the brain & the mind are one in the same � Idealism/Solipsism Both the mind & body exist in a mental realm Solipsism suggests that the entire universe exists in the mind � Materialism Both the mind & body are physical; there is no nonphysical mental world
Big Issue #3: Evolution �Darwin attempted to explain the huge variety of life Evolution is NOT about progress; it’s about adaptation Individuals DO NOT evolve; species do �Why is this important in psychology?
Psychology: A Brief History PART THREE The science of psychology began in the late 1800 s; however, the concept has been around since the beginning of time… Nazca Culture (100 CE – 800 CE) Evidence of trephination
Psychology: A Brief History �(Early) Significant People: Socrates (469 -399 BCE) Hippocrates (460 -377 BCE) Plato (428 -348 BCE) Aristotle (384 -322 BCE) Bacon (1561 -1626) Descartes (1595 -1650) Locke (1632 -1704)
Psychology: A Brief History �Throughout its history, psychology has experienced FIVE distinct “waves” of thought �Historical “Waves” Introspection (Structuralism & Functionalism) Psychoanalysis Behaviorism Gestalt Psychology Eclectic Psychology
Psychology: A Brief History �Wave ONE: Introspection �Wilhelm Wundt (1832 -1920) Father of psychology Established first psychological laboratory in Germany (1879) Hoped to measure “atoms of the mind” �Influential Students G. Stanley Hall Edward Titchener
Psychology: A Brief History �Wave ONE: Introspection �Edward Titchener (1867 -1927) �STRUCTURALISM The mind’s structure… Focused on introspection, or looking inward Interested in the question “what? ” Studied the basic elements of conscious experience
Psychology: A Brief History �Wave ONE: Introspection �William James (1842 -1910) �FUNCTIONALISM The mind’s function Focused on the function/purpose of behavior Interested in the question “why? ”
Psychology: A Brief History �Wave TWO: Psychodynamic �Sigmund Freud (1856 -1939) �PSYCHODYNAMIC Focused on the unconscious mind How do underlying forces of personality determine conflict, motivation and desires?
Psychology: A Brief History �Wave THREE: Behaviorism �John Watson (1878 -1958) �BEHAVIORISM Dismissed introspection Believed that feelings are inconsequential; all that matters is observable behavior Redefined psychology as “the study of observable behavior…”
Psychology: A Brief History �Wave FOUR: Gestalt �Max Wertheimer (1880 -1941) �GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY The study of thinking, learning & perception Focused on the ways in which people interpret sensory information to acquire knowledge “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts…”
Psychology: A Brief History
Psychology: A Brief History �Wave FIVE: Eclectic �ECLECTIC PSYCHOLOGY Modern psychologists tend to be more eclectic than their predecessors Use ideas, theories and research from multiple perspectives according to the needs of their clients
Psychology: Current Approaches PART FOUR
The Biological Approach �Determinant of Behavior Hereditary/biochemical processes �Primary Focus Brain & nervous system; genetics; hormones �Example Question To what extent are traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation and depression attributable to our genes? �Big Names James Olds, Roger Sperry, David Hubel
The Biological Approach �SCENARIO Scout, your loyal dog, died unexpectedly last week… Since then you’ve become depressed, you’ve stopped eating & you’ve had trouble sleeping… �What would a psychologist from the biological school of thought think about your current state?
The Behavioral Approach �Determinant of Behavior Environment/stimulus conditions �Primary Focus Specific overt responses �Example Question What is the most effective way to alter behavior, say, to lose weight or to stop smoking? �Big Names John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov
The Behavioral Approach �SCENARIO Becky fails AP Psychology, AP Biology & AP Calculus the fall semester of her senior year. . . She becomes depressed & uses food as her crutch. . . As a result, she begins to engage in binge eating and rapidly gains weight… �What might a psychologist from the behavioral school of thought think about Becky’s situation?
The Cognitive Approach �Determinant of Behavior Stimulus conditions/mental processes �Primary Focus Mental processes; thoughts; language �Example Question How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem Solving? �Big Names Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, Herbert Spencer, George Miller
The Cognitive Approach �SCENARIO John meets a girl… His hopes are high and asks for her number… She rejects him and refuses to give him her digits… How does he react to this rejection? �What might a psychologist from the cognitive school of thought think about John’s reaction to being rejected?
The Humanistic Approach �Determinant of Behavior Unique aspects of the “human experience” �Primary Focus Human experience; human potentials; selfactualization �Example Question How can we overcome barriers to our personal growth? �Big Names Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow
The Psychodynamic Approach �Determinant of Behavior Early life experiences �Primary Focus Unconscious drives; unconscious conflicts �Example Question How can someone’s personality traits & disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives? �Big Names Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler
The Psychodynamic Approach �SCENARIO Bob has intimacy issues. . . He finds it difficult to get close to others and to successful relationships… �What might a psychologist from the psychodynamic school of thought think about Bob’s issues?
The Socio-Cultural Approach �Determinant of Behavior Cultural norms �Primary Focus Cross-cultural patterns of attitudes and behaviors �Example Question How are humans alike as members of one human family? As product of different environmental contexts, how do we differ? �Big Names Patricia Greenfield, John Berry
The Evolutionary Approach �Determinant of Behavior Natural selection/adaptive processes �Primary Focus Behavior in terms of adaptive value �Example Question How does evolution influence behavioral tendencies? �Big Names David Buss, Martin Daly, Margo Wilson
Psychology: Subfields PART FIVE
AREA/ SUBFIELD FOCUS OF RESEARCH Developmental Human development across the lifespan; womb to tomb which includes infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood & old age. Social Interpersonal behavior & the role of social forces in governing behavior; includes attitude formation, prejudice, attraction, etc. Educational How people learn & the best way to teach them; includes curriculum design, teacher training, achievement testing, etc. Health How psychological factors relate to the maintenance of physical health and the causation, prevention & treatment of illness. Physiological The influence of genetic factors on behavior and the role of the brain, nervous system, etc. in the regulation of behavior.
AREA/ SUBFIELD Experimental FOCUS OF RESEARCH Encompasses the traditional core topics of psychology; sensation, perception, learning, conditioning, motivation, and emotion. Cognitive “Higher” mental processes, such as memory, reasoning, information processing, problem solving, decision-making, etc. Personality Describing/understanding individuals’ consistency in behavior; factors that shape personality & personality assessment. Psychometrics The measurement of behavior and capacities, usually through the development of psychological tests.
Psychology's Subfields Developmental Social/Personality Educational Counseling Research Cognitive School Other Clinical Industrial
Employment of Psychologists Colleges & Universities Private (not for profit) Private (for profit) Business & Government Schools Self-employed
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