AME 150 L Moores Law The USC Computing

AME 150 L Moore’s Law The USC Computing Environment 3 - 1/14/2000 AME 150 L

Moore’s Law Moore's Law is that the pace of microchip technology change is such that the amount of data storage that a microchip can hold doubles every year or at least every 18 months. In 1965 when preparing a talk, Gordon Moore noticed that up to that time microchip capacity seemed to double each year. The pace of change having slowed down a bit over the past few years, the definition has changed (with Gordon Moore's approval) to reflect that the doubling occurs only every 18 months. 3 - 1/14/2000 AME 150 L

Moore’s Law (Consequences) • Price of equivalent technology decreases • Performance of constant cost technology increases • More computing power is available for user interface • More storage capacity increases problem sizes • And there’s moore … 3 • - 1/14/2000 AME 150 L

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Control of Computers • Native Machine Language – Close to hardware -- depends on architecture – Can take advantage of system’s features – Often, the fastest implementation • Low level Compilers – Fortran (1950’s, Basic/COBOL (60’s), C (70’s) – Algol, Pascal, ADA, Smalltalk, C++ (OOPS) • Primitive Structured Object Oriented 3 - 1/14/2000 AME 150 L

Computing Environment & History • • 40 s-50 s-Patch Cables 50 s-60 s-Punch cards 60 s-70 s-timeshared mainframes 70 s-80 s-minicomputers & supercomputers 80 s-90 s-microcomputers & parallel systems 90 s+ … Graphic user interface (GUI) 3 - 1/14/2000 AME 150 L

Internet (1) • The Internet is a “network of networks” • USCnet follows IP (internet protocols) • Internet is organized by domains –. edu, . mil, . gov, . org, . net and. com – Domains and name-servers translate letters to a 32 bit IP address dd. dd. dd – usc. edu is 128. 125. dd 3 - 1/14/2000 AME 150 L

Internet (2) • IP is old, but not unique • IP is a “internets of peers” – No ruler or boss (all stations can be equals) – Early nets all between universities • Bitnet - organized by IBM -- mainly mainframes • DECnet - by Digital equipment • uunet -- between unix systems – ARPAnet and ERnet were early sponsors 3 - 1/14/2000 AME 150 L

Internet (3) • Internet is Scalable (others weren’t) – BITnet and DECnet required every system to have a table of every other system – uunet required you to know your neighbors, but made it hard to navigate • Networks have topology – IP is independent of topology and medium – Standards organizations, only address control 3 - 1/14/2000 AME 150 L

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Internet Functions • • TELNET - connect to a remote computer FTP - file transfer protocol e-mail - mail transfer and news IRC - internet relay chat NTP -- netdate - synchronize clocks UDP -- user datagram protocols ICMP - Internet control message protocol 3 - 1/14/2000 AME 150 L

Internet Services at USC 3 - 1/14/2000 AME 150 L

Internet Services at USC (2) 3 - 1/14/2000 AME 150 L

World Wide Web • Of course there is a web-site • It all started at CERN (European Nuclear Research Agency) • Use of HTML (Hyper. Text Markup Language) by NCSA (National Center for Supercomputer Applications) for documentation & reports -- NCSA Mosaic 3 - 1/14/2000 AME 150 L

Role of NSF • NSF (National Science Foundation) took oversight of Internet in 1985 to foster research cooperation, and access to national Supercomputer centers • NSF sponsored Mosaic development • NCSA licenses Mosaic to Spyglass (& Microsoft) and author forms Netscape 3 - 1/14/2000 AME 150 L

USC and the Internet • ISI (Information Sciences Institute) was home to many internet support operations – John Postel • Domain Name Registrations • RFC (Request For Comments) - standards – USC Engineering in ARPAnet in 1971 • USCnet based on Internet in detail in 1987 3 - 1/14/2000 AME 150 L